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Posts:
-
Topic: Bacteriology
- Martin Lewis Agar: Principle, Composition, and Uses
- Mixed Acid Fermentation: Types and Products
- Extremophiles: Their Types and Applications
- Biuret Test: Principle, Procedure, and Uses
- Lipid Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure, and Result
- Fermented Foods: Types, Examples, and Health Benefits
- Prebiotics: Mechanisms, Sources, and Examples
- Sulfide Indole Motility (SIM) Medium: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- Gram Positive Cocci of Medical Importance
- Casein Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure, and Uses
- Litmus Milk Test: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- Malonate Test: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- SXT Testing: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- MRS Broth Test: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- Acetamide Utilization Test: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- Klebsiella oxytoca: Properties and Pathogenesis
- Mechanisms of Action of Antibiotics: An Overview
- Laboratory Information System (LIS)
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Characteristics and Diagnosis
- Viridans Streptococci: Pathogenesis and Lab Diagnosis
- API and RAPID ID For Microbial Identification
- ESKAPE Pathogens
- Borrelia species: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Infective dose (ID) and Lethal Dose (LD)
- Treponema pallidum: Properties, Pathogenesis, and Disease
- Quality Control Strains (standard strains) and their Uses
- Scrub typhus: Overview, Pathogenesis and Lab Diagnosis
- Spirochetes: Morphology, Classification, Disease
- Bacillus cereus: Morphology, Disease, Biochemical Tests
- Moraxella catarrhalis: Properties, Lab Diagnosis
- ESBL and Classification of β-lactamases
- Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease): Clinical Features, Diagnosis
- Enterococcus faecalis: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Serratia marcescens: Properties, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis
- Phenotypic Methods for the Detection of Carbapenemases
- Demonstration of Treponema pallidum Using Dark-Field Microscopy
- Critical (Panic) Values in Microbiology
- Microbiology Sample Collection Guidelines and Rejection Criteria
- Bordetella pertussis: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- WHO AWaRe Classification of Antibiotics
- Bacteroides fragilis: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Actinomyces: Properties, Disease, Lab Diagnosis
- Carba NP Test (CNPt): Principle, Procedure, Results
- Francisella tularensis: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Burkholderia pseudomallei: Properties, Lab Diagnosis
- Leptospira interrogans: Characteristics, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Neisseria meningitidis: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Macrolides: Mode of Action, Mechanism of Resistance
- Tetracyclines: Mode of Action and Mechanism of Resistance
- Nocardia: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Legionella pneumophila: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Clostridium perfringens: Properties, Diseases, Diagnosis
- Clostridium tetani: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Clostridium botulinum: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Yersinia pestis: Properties, Disease, Lab Diagnosis
- Dark-field Microscopy: Principle and Uses
- Bacillus anthracis: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS): Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Listeria monocytogenes: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Listeria monocytogenes Virulence Factors
- Toxins of Clostridium perfringens and their roles
- Beta-Lactam Antibiotics: Mechanism of Action, Resistance
- Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)
- GasPak Anaerobic System: Principle, Application
- Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors: Roles in Pathogenesis
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) Virulence Factors
- Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) Production Test
- Bacterial Typing Methods: Aim, Attributes, Types
- Phage Typing Method: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Starch Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Anaerobic infections: Etiology, Characteristics, Diagnosis
- Gram-Positive Bacilli (Rods) and Diseases
- Rapid Carbohydrate Utilization Test (RCUT) for Neisseria
- Furazolidone Susceptibility Test: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC): Types and Working Mechanism
- Staphylococcus aureus: Virulence Factors
- Glycopeptides (Vancomycin, Teicoplanin)
- Bactec Automated Blood Culture System
- Ames Test: Mutagenicity Test for Carcinogens
- Plasmids: Properties, Types, and Functions
- Bacteriological Analysis of Water
- Kligler’s Iron Agar (KIA): Principle, Procedure, Results
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Properties, Disease, Diagnosis
- Klebsiella pneumoniae: Properties, Diseases, Lab Diagnosis
- Proteus species: Properties, Diseases, Identification
- Short Term Storage of Fastidious Bacteria
- Haemophilus Influenzae: Virulence Factors
- Streptococcus Pneumoniae Virulence Factors
- Pus Sample: Collection, Processing, Staining and Culture
- MRSA: Emergence, Types, Detection Methods
- Blood Culture: Indications, Timing, and Volume
- Traveler’s Diarrhea: Causes, Prevention, Treatment
- Acinetobacter: Disease, Properties, Resistance
- Blood Culture Test: Information for the Patient
- Most Probable Number (MPN) Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Antibiotic Resistance: Origin, Causes, Mechanism
- Bacteria Associated with Intrinsic Antibiotic Resistance
- WHO: List of antibiotic-resistant “priority pathogens” with new updated list (2024)
- Pneumococcal Urinary Antigen Testing (UAT)
- Carbohydrate Fermentation Test: Uses, Principle, Procedure, Results
- Phenylalanine Deaminase Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Microbes with Good and Bad Smell
- Urea Breath Test (UBT): Principle, Procedure, and Results
- McIntosh and Fildes’ Anaerobic Jar
- Preparation of McFarland Turbidity Standards
- X and V factor test for Haemophilus
- Löwenstein–Jensen (LJ) Medium: Preparation, Uses
- Pigment Producing Pathogenic Bacteria
- Gram-Negative Cocci and Coccobacilli of Medical Significance
- TPHA: Principle, Procedure, Results, Interpretations
- Oxidative fermentative (OF) test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Streptococcus pyogenes Virulence Factors
- Helicobacter Pylori Tests and Results
- GeneXpert MTB/RIF Assay
- Quellung reaction: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Fecal Transplant: Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Clostridioides difficile: Characteristics, Disease, Lab Diagnosis
- Staphylococcus vs. Micrococcus
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae vs. Neisseria meningitidis
- Elek Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Streptococcus Pyogenes (GAS): Characteristics, Diseases, Tests
- Staphylococcus vs. Streptococcus
- Modified Oxidase Test (Microdase): Procedure, Uses
- Tests for Bacterial Motility: Procedure, Results
- Nagler’s Reaction (Lecithinase Test)
- Tuberculin Skin Test (Mantoux test): Principle, Procedure, Results
- Acetate Utilization Test: Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Butyrate Disk Test: Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- API 20E Test System: Results and Interpretations
- Nitrocefin test: Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Voges Proskauer (VP) Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Decarboxylation Test: Types, Principles, Uses
- Hippurate Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Lancefield Classification of Streptococci
- Tween 80 Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Teixobactin: Introduction, Mechanism of Action, Uses
- ONPG (β-galactosidase) Test: Principle, Procedure and Results
- Leucine Aminopeptidase (LAP) Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Nitrate Reduction Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- String test for Lab diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae
- E-TEST (Epsilometer): Principle, Procedure, Results
- Modified Hodge Test (MHT) for Carbapenemase Detection
- Stokes Disc Diffusion Method: Principle, Procedure, Results
- DNase Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Atypical Mycobacterial Infections
- Hanging Drop Method for Bacterial Motility
- Urine Sample Collection and Processing for the Diagnosis of UTI
- Etiology and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
- Methyl Red (MR) Test: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- Gelatin Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Microbiology Laboratory Safety Rules and Procedure
- Bile-Esculin test for Enterococcus species
- Salt Tolerance Test for Enterococcus species
- Broth Dilution Method for MIC Determination
- PYR Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- CAMP Test: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- Trans-Isolate (T-I) Medium: Inoculation and Transport
- Handwashing and hygiene: Why do we wash our hands
- Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBT) for Brucella
- Brucella: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Typhus Fever: Characteristics and Lab Diagnosis
- Vibrio Cholerae: Characteristics, Pathogenesis, and Lab Diagnosis
- Coxiella burnetii: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Catalase test: Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Lists of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
- Properties of Enterobacteriaceae Family
- Weil Felix Test: Principle, Procedure, Limitation
- Bacterial Transformation: Mechanism
- Colony Morphology of Bacteria
- Sputum Sample: Collection, Transport, Staining, and Culture
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST): Guidelines and Best Practices
- What does Susceptible, Intermediate, and Resistant Mean?
- Preparation of Antibiotic Stock Solutions and Discs
- Transport and Storage of Antimicrobial Discs
- Satellitism Test for Haemophilus influenzae
- RPR Test: Principle, Procedure, Interpretations
- Anti-streptolysin O Titer (ASOT): Principle, Procedure, and Results
- CSF Sample: Collection, Processing, Staining, and Culture
- Inducible Clindamycin Resistance (D Test)
- Haemophilus influenzae: Characteristics, Pathogenesis and Lab Diagnosis
- Biochemical Tests to identify Mycobacteria, NTM
- Novobiocin Susceptibility Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- IMViC Tests: Principle, Procedure, Results
- MUG (Beta-Glucuronidase) Test for E. coli
- Common Cause of Bacteremia and Sepsis
- Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar: Principle, Results, and Interpretation
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Disease, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Neisseria meningitidis Virulence Factors
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis
- FTA-ABS Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- VDRL Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Chlamydia trachomatis: Properties, Disease, Lab Diagnosis
- Shigella: Disease, Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Campylobacter Jejuni: Disease, Properties, Lab Diagnosis
- Optochin Sensitivity Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Bile Solubility Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Citrate Utilization Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Bacitracin Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Streptococcus pneumoniae: Properties, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis
- Biosafety level 1 (BSL1) guidelines for teaching laboratories
- Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Identification
- Culture Media: PH Indicators, Color of Colonies
- Transposons: Definition, Types, Functions
- Staphylococcus aureus: Disease, Properties, Lab Diagnosis
- Salmonella: Properties, Disease, Lab Diagnosis
- Escherichia coli: Properties and Identification
- Pathogenicity Islands: Properties and Types
- Food Poisoning: Definition, Causative Agents
- Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli
- Stool Sample: Collection and Transport
- Urease Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Oxidase Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Infections, Pathogenesis and Lab Diagnosis
- Leprosy: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Coagulase Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Indole Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Cultivation of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria
- Membrane Filter Technique
- Maintenance and Preservation of Organisms
- Enumeration of Bacteria: Methods and Uses
-
Topic: Biochemical Tests
- Mixed Acid Fermentation: Types and Products
- Biuret Test: Principle, Procedure, and Uses
- Lipid Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure, and Result
- Sulfide Indole Motility (SIM) Medium: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- Casein Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure, and Uses
- Litmus Milk Test: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- Malonate Test: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- MRS Broth Test: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- Acetamide Utilization Test: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- API and RAPID ID For Microbial Identification
- Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) Production Test
- Starch Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Furazolidone Susceptibility Test: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- Kligler’s Iron Agar (KIA): Principle, Procedure, Results
- Carbohydrate Fermentation Test: Uses, Principle, Procedure, Results
- Phenylalanine Deaminase Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Oxidative fermentative (OF) test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Elek Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Tests for Bacterial Motility: Procedure, Results
- Nagler’s Reaction (Lecithinase Test)
- Acetate Utilization Test: Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Butyrate Disk Test: Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- API 20E Test System: Results and Interpretations
- Nitrocefin test: Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Voges Proskauer (VP) Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Decarboxylation Test: Types, Principles, Uses
- Hippurate Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Tween 80 Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- ONPG (β-galactosidase) Test: Principle, Procedure and Results
- Nitrate Reduction Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- String test for Lab diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae
- DNase Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Methyl Red (MR) Test: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- Gelatin Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Bile-Esculin test for Enterococcus species
- Salt Tolerance Test for Enterococcus species
- PYR Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- CAMP Test: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- Catalase test: Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Biochemical Tests to identify Mycobacteria, NTM
- Novobiocin Susceptibility Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- IMViC Tests: Principle, Procedure, Results
- MUG (Beta-Glucuronidase) Test for E. coli
- Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar: Principle, Results, and Interpretation
- Optochin Sensitivity Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Bile Solubility Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Citrate Utilization Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Bacitracin Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Identification
- Culture Media: PH Indicators, Color of Colonies
- Urease Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Oxidase Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Coagulase Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Indole Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
-
Topic: Biochemistry
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway: Steps and Functions
- Gluconeogenesis: Enzymes Involved, Steps, and Functions
- Glycogenolysis: Enzymes Involved, Steps, and Regulation
- Glycogenesis: Enzymes Required, Mechanism, and Regulation
- Enzymes: Structure, Functions, and Classification
- DNA Polymerase: Structure, Types, and Functions
- Immunofluorescence Assay: Principle, Steps, Types, and Uses
- Mixed Acid Fermentation: Types and Products
- Cori Cycle: Steps, Regulation, and Importance
- Beta (𝛃) Oxidation: The Body’s Way of Utilizing Fats
- Bial’s Test: Principle, Procedure, and Application
- Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis: Principle and Application
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: Mechanism and Regulation
- Krebs Cycle: Steps and Products
- Fate of Pyruvate
- Benedict’s Test: Principle, Procedure, Uses, and Limitation
- C-reactive protein (CRP) Test: Principle, Procedure, Result
- Glycolysis Cycle: Enzymes, Steps, and Products
-
Topic: Biotechnology
-
Topic: Cell Biology
- Different Types of Tissues in Plant and Animal
- Hematopoiesis: Stages, Sites, and Its Regulation
- Plastids: Structure, Types, and Functions
- Golgi Body (Golgi Complex): Structure and Function
- Cellular Junctions: Types and Functions
- Cytoskeleton: Structure and Functions
- Lysosome: Structure and Function
- Vacuoles: Composition, Structure, and Functions
- Peroxisomes: Structure and Function
- Yeast: Structure, Reproduction, and Uses
- Blood cells: Types and Their Functions
- Nucleus: Structure and Functions
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Structure, Location, and Functions
- Ribosome: Types, Structure, and Function
- Centrioles: Structure, Composition, and Functions
- Cell Wall: Composition, Structure, and Functions
- Cytoplasm: Composition and Functions
- Cell membrane: Structure and Function
- Vegetative propagation: Types and Examples
- Fragmentation and Regeneration: Steps and Examples
- Budding: Types and Examples
- Binary Fission: Steps, Types, and Examples
- Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
- Similarities and Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
- Asexual Reproduction: Types and Examples
- Determination of Blood Group: ABO and Rh Systems
- Parts of Plant Cells and Their Properties
- Animal Cell: Structural Components and Types
- Mitochondria, Structure, Functions, and Location
-
Topic: Culture Media
- Martin Lewis Agar: Principle, Composition, and Uses
- Columbia CNA Agar: Composition, Uses, and Results
- Bacteriological Agar: Properties and Uses
- Best Practices for Preparation of Culture Media
- Lysine Iron Agar (LIA): Principle, Composition, Results, and Uses
- Czapek Dox Agar: Principle, Composition, Colony Characteristics
- Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar: Composition, Preparation, Uses
- Tinsdale Agar: Composition, Preparation, Uses
- Amies Transport Medium
- Quality Control of Culture Media
- BHI Broth: Composition, Preparation, Uses
- DCA Agar: Composition, Colony Characteristics
- Selenite broth: Composition, Preparation Uses
- Bird Seed Agar: Composition, Uses
- Bismuth Sulfite Agar: Composition, Uses, Colony Morphology
- Chromogenic Culture Media: Principle, Composition, Results
- Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA): Composition, Preparation, Uses
- Robertson’s Cooked Meat (RCM) Medium
- Thioglycollate broth: Composition, Principle, and Uses
- Cary-Blair transport medium: Composition, Preparation, Uses
- Alkaline Peptone Water (APW): Composition, Preparation, and Uses
- Salmonella-Shigella (SS) Agar: Composition, Principle and Results
- Modified Thayer-Martin Agar: Preparation, Uses
- Nutrient Agar: Composition, Preparation, Uses
- Sabouraud Agar (SDA): Composition, Uses, Colony Morphology
- Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA): Principle, Composition, Colony Characteristics
- Baird-Parker Agar: Preparation, Composition, and Uses
- Cetrimide Agar: Composition, Preparation, Uses
- XLD Agar: Composition, Principle, Results, and Uses
- CLED Agar: Composition, Uses, Colony Characteristics
- Transport Media Used in Microbiology Lab
- Hektoen Enteric (HE) Agar: Composition, Uses
- Culture media for Salmonella typhi and paratyphi
- Common Fungal Culture Media: Their Uses
- New York City Medium: Composition, Uses
- TCBS Agar: Composition, Preparation, Uses
- Chocolate Agar: Composition, Preparation, Uses
- Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract (BCYE) Agar
- EMB Agar: Composition, Principle, and Colony Morphology
- Blood Agar and Types of Hemolysis
- MacConkey Agar: Composition, Uses, Colony Characteristics
- Mannitol Salt Agar: Principle, Uses, and Results
- Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA): Composition, Preparation, Uses
- Anaerobic Culture Media
- Bacterial Culture Media: Classification, Types, Uses
-
Topic: Difference Between
- Differences and Similarities Between Bacteria and Fungi
- Difference between DNA and RNA
- Difference Between Yeast and Mold
- Differences Between Bacteria and Viruses
- Bacterial vs Viral Infections: Similarities and Differences
- Difference between B Cells and T Cells
- T Dependent Antigen, T Independent Antigen
- Innate Immunity vs. Acquired Immunity
- Primary vs. Secondary Immune Response
- SEM vs. TEM Electron Microscopy
- MHC Class I vs. MHC Class II Protein
- Amoebic dysentery vs. Bacillary dysentery
- Taenia solium vs. Taenia saginata
- Staphylococcus vs. Micrococcus
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae vs. Neisseria meningitidis
- Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Similarities and Differences
- Staphylococcus vs. Streptococcus
- Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Differences between Exotoxins and Endotoxins
-
Topic: General Microbiology
- Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs): Types, Components, and Applications
- Feedback Loop: Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
- Biopreservation of Art: Microbes as Art Protectant
- Eutrophication: Causes, Types, and Effects
- Microbes in Art: Agar Art Competition
- Microbes in Space: Their Survival and Importance
- Microbes in Agriculture: Roles, Limitations and Risks
- Ultrasonication: Principle, Parts, and Applications
- Extremophiles: Their Types and Applications
- Carbon Cycle: Definition, Steps, and Importance
- Biofuel: Types and Role of Microbes in Its Production
- Beta (𝛃) Oxidation: The Body’s Way of Utilizing Fats
- Canning: Types, Procedure, and Applications
- Bial’s Test: Principle, Procedure, and Application
- Biuret Test: Principle, Procedure, and Uses
- The Germ Theory of Disease: Experiments, and Applications
- Lipid Hydrolysis Test: Principle, Procedure, and Result
- Bio-fertilizer: Types, Application, Advantages, and Disadvantages
- Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE): Principle and Procedure
- Food Spoilage: Causes and Prevention
- Pasteurization: Types and Advantages
- Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Microorganisms Found in Food
- Food Preservation: Methods and Their Importance
- Bioreactor: Parameter, Parts, Types, and Application
- Prebiotics: Mechanisms, Sources, and Examples
- Starter Culture: Types, Examples, and Uses
- Sterility Testing of Pharmaceuticals
- Bioburden Testing: Purpose, Procedure, and Accepted Level
- Serial Dilution Method for Estimating Viable Count of Bacteria
- Pyrogen and Bacterial Endotoxin Testing Methods
- Beneficial Microorganisms and Their Use
- Sterilization and Disinfection Methods
- Indoor Air Quality Testing
- Structure of Bacteria
- Size of Bacteria: Giant, Smallest, and Regular Ones
- Classification of Bacteria
- Differences and Similarities Between Bacteria and Fungi
- Difference Between Yeast and Mold
- Differences Between Bacteria and Viruses
- Bacterial vs Viral Infections: Similarities and Differences
- Hospital and Laboratory Waste Management
- Microbiome and Human Health: Effects and Future Uses
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Used in the Laboratory
- Biofilm: Formation, Advantages, and Disadvantages
- Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC): Principle, Procedure, and Applications
- Chromatography: An Overview
- Which Probiotics to Use?
- Working Mechanism of Light Microscope
- Killed or Live Vaccine, Which One to Choose?
- How do Probiotics work?
- Microbial Jargons and Their Meaning
- Microorganisms with Probiotic Properties
- Probiotics, Prebiotics and Health Benefits
- Cell Wall–Deficient Bacteria
- Mutation and Types of Mutations
- Nutritional Types of Bacteria
- Archaea: Characteristics, Similarities, Differences with Bacteria
- Normal Flora of the Skin-Skin Microbiome
- Bacterial Quorum Sensing
- Filtration Sterilization: Types, Mechanism, Uses
- Radiation Sterilization: Types, Mechanism, Applications
- Disinfection: Methods and Uses
- pH Requirements of Microorganism
- Lac Operon: Mechanism and Regulation
- Psychrophiles, Mesophiles, Thermophiles
- SEM vs. TEM Electron Microscopy
- Spread Plate Technique: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Pour Plate Method: Procedure, Uses, (Dis) Advantages
- Streak Plate Method: Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Ethylene Oxide (ETO) Sterilization: Features and Limitations
- Robert Koch and Koch’s postulates
- Moist Heat Sterilization: Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages
- Dry-Heat Sterilization: Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages
- What are the roles of Medical Microbiologist?
- Infectious causes of Cancer: Bacteria, Virus and Parasites
- Modified Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion Method
- Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Funny Name of Infectious Diseases
- Biosafety Levels and Agents of Disease
- Why is common cold so common?
- Nobel Prizes for Research in Microbiology and Immunology
- Extracellular and Intracellular Bacteria
- Microbiologists Just Want to Have Fun
- Bacterial Growth Curve: Phases, Significance
- Biosafety level 2 (BSL2) guidelines for teaching laboratories
- Oxygen Requirements for Pathogenic Bacteria
- Shapes of Bacteria: Cocci, Bacilli, and Spirochetes
- Interesting Facts about Microorganisms
- Career Opportunities for Microbiologist
- E. coli: Only bacterium that wins records number of Nobel Prizes
- Motility Patterns of Bacteria
- Peptidoglycan: Structure, Function
- Cytoplasmic Granules in Bacteria
- Teichoic Acid: Structure, Types, and Functions
- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Layer
- Bacterial Pili (Fimbriae): Types, Functions
- Flagella: Structure, Arrangement, Function
- Bacterial Spores: Structure and Spore-Forming Bacteria
- Bacterial Capsule: Importance, Capsulated Bacteria
- Category A Infectious Microorganisms
- Why Microbiology is the Most Interesting Subject
-
Topic: Immunology
- Hematopoiesis: Stages, Sites, and Its Regulation
- Humoral Immunity: Stages and Types
- B Cell Development: Maturation, Activation, and Differentiation
- Activation of T lymphocytes
- Components of Innate Immune System
- Hypersensitivity Reactions: an Overview
- Allergies and Autoimmunity: Similarities and Differences
- Hypersensitivity Type III: Mechanisms and Clinical Manifestations
- Hypersensitivity Type IV: Mechanism and Clinical Manifestation
- Hypersensitivity Type II: Mechanism and Clinical Manifestation
- Hypersensitivity Type I: Mechanism and Clinical Manifestation
- Pregnancy Diagnostic Tests: Principle, Procedure, and Results
- Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI): T Cell Types and Functions
- Biomarkers: Definitions, Types, and Applications
- Personalized Vaccines: the Next Big Step in Vaccinology
- Antibody Affinity vs. Antibody Avidity
- Adjuvants: Types and Functions
- Epitopes: Types, Function, Epitope Spreading
- Cells of the Immune System
- IgE Antibodies: Structure, Properties, and Functions
- mRNA Vaccine: What it is and How it works?
- Radioimmunoassay: Principle, Uses, Limitations
- Neutralization Test for Virus and Toxins
- Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) Test
- Phagocytosis: Mechanism and Steps
- Isotypes, Allotypes, and Idiotypes
- IgA Antibodies: Structure, Properties, and Functions
- Immunoglobulins (Antibodies) Structure and Classes
- Immunochromatography/ Lateral Flow Immunoassay: Principle and Uses
- Herd Immunity: Types, Threshold, Usefulness
- Serotypes and Their Significance
- Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) test
- Antigen Detection Test For Disease Diagnosis
- Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb): Harvesting, Types, Applications
- Heterophile Antigen: Examples, Diagnostic Applications
- Coombs Test: Types, Principle, Procedure, Results
- Function of Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
- Superantigen (SAg): Examples and Roles
- Antibodies Detection Tests for Disease Diagnosis
- T Dependent Antigen, T Independent Antigen
- IgG Antibodies: Structure, Subclasses, and Functions
- Innate Immunity vs. Acquired Immunity
- Primary vs. Secondary Immune Response
- MHC Class I vs. MHC Class II Protein
- Antigen and Factors Affecting Immunogenicity
- Complement Pathways: Types, Functions, Regulation
- Western Blot Technique: Principle, Steps, Uses
- Immunization Schedule from Birth-18 Years (Infographics)
- IgM Antibodies: Structure, Properties, and Functions
- Widal Test: Principle, Procedure, Results, Limitation
- Complement Fixation Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE): Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Agglutination Tests: Types, Principle, Uses
- Direct ELISA (Sandwich ELISA) Test for Antigen Detection
- ELISA Test: Principle, Types, and Uses
- Cytokines: Types and Functions
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions: Agglutination and types
-
Topic: Lab Equipment
- Electroporator: Principle, Parts, and Uses
- Microtome: Parts, Types, and Uses
- Equipment Required for Chemistry Laboratory
- Hot Plate: Parts, Types, and Applications
- Test Tube: Types Uses, and Importance
- Beaker: Features, Types, and Applications
- Blood Collection Tubes: Significance of Color Coding
- Conical Flask: Features, Applications, and Advantages
- Glassware Used in Laboratory
- Graduated Cylinder: Types, Uses, and How to Use It
- Automated Cell Counter: Principle, Types, and Applications
- DNA Analyzer: Working Principle, Operation, and Uses
- Desiccator: Working Mechanism, Types, and Uses
- Analytical Balance: Parts, Principle, and Applications
- Distilled Water Vs. Deionized Water
- Types of Swabs and Their Uses
- Eswab: Types and Uses
- McFarland Densitometer: Parts, Principle, and Operation
- Microbial Air Sampler: Principle, Purposes, and Types
- Water Bath: Parts, Principle, and Applications
- Colorimeter: Principles, Parts, Types, and Uses
- pH Meter: Parts, Principle, and Applications
- Inoculating Loop: Types and Uses
- Petri Dish: Types, Uses, and Automated Petri Dish Filler
- Magnetic Stirrer: Parts, Principle, and Types
- Bacterial Incinerator: Parts, Operation, and Uses
- Laminar Airflow Cabinet: Types and Working Principle
- Bunsen Burner: Parts, Principle, and Application
- Vortex Mixer: Principle, Types, and Uses
- Homogenizer: Parts, Types, and Functions
- Handheld Digital Microscope: Parts, Principle, and Uses
- Pocket Microscope: Parts, Working Principle, and Uses
- Stereo Microscope: Uses, Advantages, and Disadvantages
- Glass Pipettes: Types, Handling, and Uses
- Multichannel Pipettes: Parts and Calibration
- Micropipette: Parts, Types, and Uses
- Pipette Tips: Types, Uses, and Criteria to Choose It
- Automated Pipette: Liquid Handling System
- ATP Testing: Principle, Procedure, Applications
- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
- Microarray Scanner: Principle and Parts
- Colony Picker: Principle, Protocol, and Advantages
- Automated Culture Media Preparation and Dispenser System
- Gas Chromatography (GC): Principle, Parts and Uses
- Laboratory Incubator: Principle, Parts, Types, and Uses
- Laboratory freezers: Temperature Range and Inventory Management
- Spectrophotometer: Principle, Parts, Types, and Uses
- Centrifuge: Parts, Types, and Handling
- Hot Air Oven: Parts, Types, and Uses
- Colony Counters: Types, Principles and Uses
- Equipment Essential for Microbiology Laboratory
- Total Laboratory Automation (TLA) in Clinical Microbiology
- Gel Filtration Chromatography
- Phase Contrast Microscope: Principle, Types and Applications
- Types of Microscopes and Their Uses
- Parts of a Microscope with Their Functions
- Electron Microscope: Principle, Types, Applications
- Fluorescence Microscope: Principle, Types, Applications
- Autoclave Sterilization: Principle, Procedure, Types, Uses
- Foldscope: Paper Microscope
- MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: Principle, Applications in Microbiology
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Topic: MCQs
- MCQ: Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Related Diseases
- MCQs in Microbiology Test Quiz
- MCQs in History of Microbiology (Part II)
- MCQs in History of Microbiology (Part I)
- MCQs Bacteriology (61-70): Sexually Transmitted Infections
- MCQ Bacteriology (51-60): Question with Answers
- MCQs Immunology (41-55): Basic Immunology with Answers
- MCQs in Immunology (21-30): Antibodies-I (Answers with Explanations)
- MCQs Immunology (31-40): Complement System with Answers
- Immunology MCQs (11-20): Answers with Explanations
- Immunology MCQs (1-10): Answers with Explanations
- MCQs in Parasitology (11-20): Malaria with Answers
- MCQ in Immunology (71-85): Basic Concepts Answers with Explanation
- MCQs Bacteriology (41-50): Bacterial Skin Infections
- MCQs Bacteriology (31-40): Bacterial Infections
- MCQs in Microbiology: Miscellaneous Topics
- MCQs Bacteriology (21-30): Lab Diagnosis of Bacterial Disease
- MCQ in Virology: Hepatitis and Related Viruses
- MCQs Virology (21-30) with Answers
- MCQs Bacteriology (11-20): Bacterial Infections with Answers
- MCQ Immunology (86-100): Antibodies-II with Answers
- Top Ten MCQs about Rickettsial Disease
- MCQs Bacteriology (1-10): With Answers and Explanations
- MCQs Parasitology (1-10) with Answers
- MCQs Mycology with Answers
- General Microbiology MCQs with Answers (11-21)
- General Microbiology MCQs with Answer Keys (1-10)
- MCQ Immunology (56-70): Hypersensitivity Answers with Explanations
- MCQs in Virology (11-20) with Answers
- MCQ on Virology (1-10) with Answers
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Topic: Molecular Biology
- DNA Polymerase: Structure, Types, and Functions
- Topoisomerase: Structure, Types, and Functions
- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP): Steps
- Exons And Introns: Functions and Types
- The Wobble Hypothesis: Importance and Examples
- Central Dogma and The Genetic Code
- Immunofluorescence Assay: Principle, Steps, Types, and Uses
- Next Generation Sequencing: Principle, Steps Involved, and Applications
- Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis: Principle and Application
- Capillary Electrophoresis: Principle and Application
- DNA Analyzer: Working Principle, Operation, and Uses
- Sanger Sequencing Method: Principle and Steps
- DNA Fingerprinting: Steps and Applications
- Enzymes Involved In DNA Replication
- RNA Translation: Major Steps of Protein Synthesis
- Structure and Components of DNA
- Difference between DNA and RNA
- Electrophoresis: Principles, Types, and Uses
- DNA Transcription: Steps and Mechanism
- DNA Replication: Steps and Mechanism
- Types of RNA: Structure and Functions
- Designing PCR Primers: 6 Useful Tips
- Northern Blotting: Objective, Principle, and Procedure
- Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)
- Southern Blotting: Principle, Steps, Applications
- Real-time PCR: Principles and Applications
- Nested PCR: Principle and Applications
- Multiplex PCR: Principle, Applications
- Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR: Principles, Applications
- Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE): Steps, Applications
- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Steps, Types, Applications
- Conjugation: Transfer of Chromosomal DNA by HFr Strains
- Mechanism of Conjugation in Bacteria: The transfer of F Plasmid
- Gene Transfer Mechanism in Bacteria and It’s types
- Specialized transduction: Steps
- Generalized transduction: Mechanism
- Transposons: Definition, Types, Functions
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Topic: Mycology
- Extremophiles: Their Types and Applications
- Fungal Staining Methods and Uses
- Aspergillus: Morphology, Clinical Features, and Lab Diagnosis
- Dermatophytes: Tinea and Lab Diagnosis
- Aflatoxin Testing: Materials and Methods
- Mold Growth in Home: Signs, Risk, and Solution
- Mechanism of Action of Antifungal Drugs
- Mycetoma: Types, Clinical features, and Lab diagnosis
- Rhizopus and Mucor: Characteristics and Diagnosis
- Galactomannan Test for Invasive Aspergillosis
- Mycosis: Etiology, Types, and Classification
- Candida auris: Transmission, Risk, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Mucormycosis
- Mucormycosis: Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Treatment
- Sample Collections for Lab Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
- Dermatophyte Test Medium (DTM): Composition, Preparation, Uses
- Blastomyces dermatitidis: Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Slide Culture for Fungi: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Pneumocystis jirovecii: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Aspergillus fumigatus: Morphology, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Laboratory diagnosis of Fungal Infections
- Histoplasma capsulatum: Properties, Diseases, Lab Diagnosis
- Cryptococcus neoformans: Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- KOH Mount: Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses
- Candida albicans: Pathogenesis, Diseases, Lab Diagnosis
- Germ Tube Test: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Microscopic Identification of Fungi (Yeasts, Molds)
- Sporothrix: Characteristics, Pathogenesis and Lab Diagnosis
- Dimorphic Fungi: Disease, Properties
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Topic: Parasitology
- Hookworm: Characteristics, Life Cycle, Pathogenesis and Diagnosis
- Hymenolepis nana: Life Cycle, Pathogenesis and Lab Diagnosis
- Trichrome Staining for Fecal Smears
- Taenia Solium: Life Cycle, Pathogenesis and Lab Diagnosis
- Ascaris lumbricoides: Life cycle, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Naegleria fowleri: Characteristics, Life Cycle and Lab Diagnosis
- Types of Host and Host-Parasite relationship
- Parasitic Infections: Source, Mode of Transmission, and Prevention
- Toxoplasma gondii: Properties, Life Cycle, and Diagnosis
- Sabin-Feldman dye test: Principle and Limitations
- Lab Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasitic Infections
- RDTs for Malaria Diagnosis: Principle, Results, Advantages
- Giardia lamblia: Life Cycle, Diseases, Lab Diagnosis
- Entero Test (String test): Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Entamoeba histolytica: Life Cycle, Diseases, Lab Diagnosis
- Kato Katz Technique: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Lab Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infections
- NNN medium: Composition, Preparation, Results
- Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) Test
- Taenia solium vs. Taenia saginata
- Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Procedure, Results
- Direct Saline and Iodine Wet Mount
- Infective Stages of the Parasites (with examples)
- Buffy Coat: Definition, Preparation, Uses
- Relationship between Sickle Cell Anemia and Malaria
- Cellophane (Scotch) Tape Preparation for Pinworm Examination
- Lab Diagnosis of Lymphatic Filariasis
- Life Cycle of P. falciparum vs. P. vivax
- Formal Ether Sedimentation Technique
- Lab Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar)
- Leishmaniasis: Types, Transmission, and Control
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria
- Asexual Life Cycle of Plasmodium Falciparum
- Thick and Thin Blood Smear for Malaria Diagnosis
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Topic: Science Communication
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Topic: Staining Techniques
- Calcofluor White Staining: Principle, Procedure, and Application
- Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) Staining: Principle, Procedure, and Application
- Giemsa Stain: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Preparation of Gram Stain Reagents
- Capsule Stain: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Simple Staining: Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Acridine Orange Staining: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Albert Stain: Principle, Procedure and Results
- Endospore Staining: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Auramine-Rhodamine Fluorochrome Staining
- Gram Staining: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) Mounts
- Toluidine Blue Staining in Microbiology: Procedure, Uses
- Flagella Staining: Procedure, Results
- Ziehl-Neelsen Technique-AFB Staining
- Types of Staining Techniques Used in Microbiology
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Topic: Virology
- Mechanism of Action of Antiviral Drugs
- Monkeypox vs Chickenpox
- Monkeypox: Frequently asked questions
- Hepatitis C Virus: Structure, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis
- Bacteriophages: Discovery, Detection, and Applications
- Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV): Chicken Pox and Shingles
- Hepatitis B Virus: Structure, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis
- Hepatitis A Virus: Structure, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis
- Virus: Properties, Diseases, and Lab Diagnosis
- Ct Value in SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR
- 5 Most Dangerous Viral Infections In History
- Antigen Testing for COVID-19: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Bacteriophage: Structure, Replication, Uses
- Cytopathic effect (CPE) of Viruses: Types with Examples
- Shell Vial Cell Culture: Principle, Procedure and Uses
- Embryonated Egg Cultures for Viruses
- COVID-19 Testing Kits That You Should Only Use According To FDA
- SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM Rapid Test for the diagnosis of COVID-19
- Testing Methods for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
- SARS-CoV-2: Properties, Transmission, and Prevention
- Viral Transport Media (VTM): Preparation, Uses
- Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2: Diagnosis of COVID-19
- Bacteriophage Plaque Assay: Principle, Procedure, Results
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): Replication, Pathogenesis
- Animal Cell Culture: Types, Applications
- Baltimore system of Classifications of Viruses
- Properties of Orthomyxoviruses and Paramyxoviruses
- Dengue Virus: Properties, Pathogenesis, and Lab Diagnosis
- Zika virus: Transmission, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Lab Diagnosis
- Monospot test: Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus: Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Test: Principle, Procedure, Uses
- Ebola Virus: Properties, Disease, and Diagnosis
- Why does DNA virus replicate in the nucleus and RNA virus in cytoplasm?
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHFs)
- Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Swab: Collection and Transport
- Measles virus: Structure, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
- Resistant to HIV infection: what makes it?
- Antigenic Drift and Antigenic Shift in Influenza Virus
- Why does influenza come back year after year?
- Hepatitis B Serology Test Result Interpretation
- Laboratory diagnosis of HIV Infection
- Continuous Cell Line
- Structure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- Polio Vaccine: Salk and Sabin vaccine
- Poliovirus: Characteristics, Pathogenesis and Lab Diagnosis
- Mumps Virus: Pathogenesis, Clinical Findings, Lab Diagnosis
- Influenza (flu) Virus: Classification, Structure, and Diagnosis
- Rabies Virus: Structure, Pathogenesis, and Lab Diagnosis
- Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Structure, Clinical Feature, Lab Diagnosis