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A hot plate is a portable tabletop machine that uniformly heats solutions and materials. They are safer than the bunsen burner because they do not consist of open flame but instead consist of the hot...

Laboratory glassware is the most used laboratory equipment in various laboratories. Among many glasswares, test tube is applicable in biological as well as chemical laboratories.   The test tube...

Electrophoresis is a method used to separate macromolecules based on their charge, binding affinity, and size under an electric field. It is broadly categorized into capillary type and slab type...

Food spoilage is a metabolic process that results in changes in sensory properties that make food unsuitable or unpleasant for human ingestion. Spoiled foods may still be safe to eat—that is, they...

Pasteurization is a low-order heat treatment process helpful for preserving food. This process is applicable to wine, juice, and dairy products to destroy all the pathogenic bacteria while...

Lactic acid (2-hydroxy propanoic acid) is a three-carbon organic acid obtained by carbohydrate fermentation due to microorganisms (Lactic acid bacteria) or chemical synthesis. It has a central carbon...