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Microbiology and clinical laboratories constantly deal with infectious materials that should be adequately disinfected, sterilized, and disposed. The heating under a Bunsen burner is the preferred...

DNA replication is the process in which the parental DNA is copied into the identical two daughter DNA molecules. DNA replication is a basis for biological inheritance, which occurs in all living...

Sterilization is a process of killing or removal of all microorganisms, including highly resistant bacterial endospores. Depending on the material, sterilization can be achieved by moist heat...

Unlike Type I hypersensitivity, Type II hypersensitivity reaction is an immediate reaction, showing a "hyper" or exaggerated response to harmless antigens within 24 hours. Type II hypersensitivity...

The microbiology laboratory handles many infectious and hazardous materials. The handling risks the contamination of the environment and increases the risk of infection in laboratory personnel. So,...

Various diseases result from inappropriate and immediate immune responses to common environmental components which are otherwise not harmful. Scientists Coombs and Gell have classified such responses...