Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Infections, Pathogenesis and Lab Diagnosis

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative rod. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can resist high concentrations of salt, dyes, weak antiseptics, and many commonly used antibiotics. Most pseudomonads known to cause disease in humans are associated with opportunistic infections.  Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas maltophila are mostly responsible for disease conditions.  

Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This opportunistic pathogen may infect virtually any tissue. Infection is facilitated by the presence of an underlying disease. It is a major threat to hospitalized patients, particularly those with serious underlying diseases such as cancer and burns (burning causes breakdown of nonspecific host defenses).  

Sites of infection by P. aeruginosa

  1. Central nervous system infections
  2. Localized infections of the ear and sinus
  3. Skin and musculoskeletal tissues, burn wounds, surgical wounds
  4. Respiratory tract: chronic infections in cystic fibrosis patients, acute pneumonia in other patients
  5. Bacteremia
  6. Endocarditis
  7. Urinary tract infections

Mortality in P. aeruginosa infection

Infections with P. aeruginosa are associated with a high mortality rate. This is because of the combination of

  1. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics
  2. Weakened host defenses
  3. Production of extracellular bacterial enzymes and toxins.

Pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces many factors that may contribute to its virulence. Some of them are

  1. Hemolysins: Glycolipid hemolysin may play a role in P. aeruginosa pulmonary infections.
  2. Extracellular polysaccharides: They may impede phagocytosis and impair the diffusion of antibiotics and thus facilitate colonization and persistence. These mucoid strains usually are isolated only from patients with cystic fibrosis.
  3. Pigments: Pyocyanin (a phenazine pigment) and fluorescein are two common pigments produced by P. aeruginosa. Pyocyanin retards the growth of some other bacteria and thus may facilitate colonization by P. aeruginosa.
  4. Extracellular protease: May play role in the formation of hemorrhagic lesions and tissue destruction.

Pseudomonas species are a group of aerobic, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative rods found in the environment and soil. Only a few species are pathogenic, of which Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and causes urinary tract infections, respiratory system infections, dermatitis, soft tissue infections, bacteremia, bone and joint infections, gastrointestinal infections, and a variety of systemic infections, mostly in immunosuppressed patients.

Due to its ability to survive under a variety of environmental conditions, it easily colonizes surgical instruments, catheter tubes, respiratory ventilators and is transmitted from patient to patient in healthcare facilities leading to nosocomial infections.

Laboratory Diagnosis

In the laboratory, P.aeruginosa can be isolated from any sample (urine, pus, blood, ear swabs, tissue biopsies, body fluids, etc.)
They grow well on standard broth and solid media such as blood agar, chocolate agar, and MacConkey agar, which are recommended to isolate Pseudomonas species from clinical specimens. Selective agar-containing inhibitors such as cetrimide can also be used for isolation and presumptive identification.

Colony morphology:

  • On MacConkey agar colonies of P.aeruginosa are flat, 2-3 mm, smooth, non-lactose fermenting colonies with irregular margin (leafy margin) and slightly pigmented (greenish pigmentation).
  • 2. On Blood agar: It is documented that, P. aeruginosa isolates may produce three colony types on blood agar depending on the source of isolation.
    • Natural isolates from soil or water typically produce a small, rough colony.
    • Clinical samples, yield one or another of two smooth colony types. On blood agar, Pseudomonas appear as give large colonies with metallic sheen, mucoid, rough, or pigmented (pyocyanin), and often β-hemolytic
      • One type has a fried-egg appearance which is large, smooth, with flat edges and an elevated appearance.
      • Another type, frequently obtained from respiratory and urinary tract secretions, has a mucoid appearance, which is attributed to the production of alginate slime.
  • Cetrimide Agar is used as a selective medium for the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from pus, sputum and drains, etc. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces yellow-green to blue colonies and fluoresces under UV light.

Gram stain

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative rod measuring 0.5 to 0.8 µm by 1.5 to 3.0 µm.

Biochemical characteristics

  1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is often preliminarily identified by its typical odor in vitro. The smell is described as grape-like, tortilla-like, or “Philadelphus coronarius-like” (production of aminoacetophenone).
  2. Catalase-positive
  3. Rapid oxidase-positive within 10 seconds (exception P. luteola and P. oryzihabitans)
  4. Motile by means of one or more polar flagella.
  5. It is not an active fermenter of carbohydrates and produces acid, but no gas, in glucose and is lactose-negative. Alkaline slant/alkaline deep (K/K) reaction in TSI or KIA agar.
  6. Few strains of P. aeruginosa secret a variety of pigments, including pyocyanin (blue-green), pyoverdine (yellow-green and fluorescent), pyomelanin (brown to black), and pyorubin (red-brown).
  7. Strict aerobic respiratory metabolism with oxygen but in some cases, nitrate has been used as an alternative that allows anaerobic growth.
  8. Can grow in temperatures up to 42°C.The combination of pyocyanin production and the ability to grow at 42°C is sufficient to distinguish P.aeruginosa from other Pseudomonas spp. (e.g., P.fluorescens, P.putida, P.stutzeri, P.putrefaciens).

All strains of P.aeruginosa may not produce Pyocyanin.

Biochemical TestResult
Catalase TestPositive
Oxidase TestPositive
MotilityMotile with one or more polar flagella
Lactose fermentationPositive
Glucose FermentationPositive
Other carbohydrate fermentationNon-fermentatibe
Indole TestNegative
VP TestNegative
MR TestNegative
Citrate testPositive
Urease testNegative
Nitrate ReductionPositive
H2S ProductionNegative
Pigment productionPositive

Distinguishing Characteristics from Other Species

SpeciesPyocyanin productionFluorescein ProductionGrowth at 42°CArginine dehydrolaseLysine decarboxylaseGelatin liquefactionAesculin hydrolysisLactose utilization (oxidative)Maltose utilization (oxidative)Reduction of nitrate to nitrite
P.aeruginosa++++++
P.fluorescens+++
P.putida++
P.maltophila+++++
P.stutzeri+++
P.cepacia++++++
P.pseudomallei+++++++
P.mallei+++**+/-+

References and further readings

Acharya Tankeshwar

Hello, thank you for visiting my blog. I am Tankeshwar Acharya. Blogging is my passion. As an asst. professor, I am teaching microbiology and immunology to medical and nursing students at PAHS, Nepal. I have been working as a microbiologist at Patan hospital for more than 10 years.

2 thoughts on “Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Infections, Pathogenesis and Lab Diagnosis

  1. Hi Mr.Acharya
    I am a Microbiologist and i have a question about the MacConkey Broth. We incubate 10 ml of MacConkey broth with 1 ml of product for 24 hrs for detection of E.coli, and then streak it on to MacConkey Agar plate after 24 hrs of incubation. sometimes when we have a long weekend we are not able to streak it after 24 hrs. What can be done in those circumstances? Can we increase the volume of MacConkey Broth? Please do suggest what is the best solution for this kind of situation.
    Thank You
    Saritha

    1. Hello Saritha Ma’am
      Happy to get your query. In our settings, we have not used MacConkey broth for such purpose so it’s hard to tell.
      What’s about running a pilot survey with some standard isolates and check the yield with varying amount/concentration of media? You can also witness up to when delayed in sub-culture do not affect the yield significantly. If the yield is increased after increasing the volume of the MacConeky broth, you can safely replicate that process later. Adopting evidence-based practice will be best, I guess.

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