Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming rod. It produces at least 12 different toxins, which are broadly classified as “major toxins” and “minor toxins”. Certain strains also produce enterotoxin and neuraminidase. These toxins are responsible for […]
pH scale is used to express the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on which neutrality is pH 7. The pH scale extends from pH 0.0 to pH 14.0, and each pH unit represents a […]
Beta-lactam antibiotics are those that contain 4-member, nitrogen-containing, beta-lactam ring at the core of their structure. This ring mimics the shape of the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala peptide sequence that serves as the substrate for cell wall […]
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is defined as the lowest concentration (expressed as mg/L or μg/μL) of an antimicrobial agent that inhibits the visible in-vitro growth of microorganisms. The MIC test determines the antimicrobial activity of […]
This post was most recently updated on April 9th, 2020GasPak anaerobic system is used to create an oxygen-free environment for the growth of anaerobic microorganisms. At present, it is the most commonly used method for […]
Helicobacter pylori is a major human pathogen that is responsible for diseases, such as duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and gastric cancer. It is a spiral-shaped gram-negative rod with 4-6 polar sheathed flagella which resides on the […]
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the gonococcus, is a gram-negative diplococcus that causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea. Gonorrhea commonly manifests as cervicitis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an exclusive human pathogen that primarily infects the urogenital […]
Immunochromatography is a combination of chromatography and immunoassay. This technology is in use to a wide array of tests for clinical, veterinary, and industrial applications. Depending on the assay, either antigen (for detection of antibody) […]
This post was most recently updated on March 25th, 2020Certain bacterial species liberate sulfur from sulfur-containing amino acids or other compounds in the form of H₂S. This ability of these bacteria can be used as […]
This post was most recently updated on March 17th, 2020Human pathogens of one species can compromise very diverse organisms, typing is a tool to identify those organisms up to their strain level. Typing of bacteria […]
Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are viruses that attack bacteria. Depending on the method of replication phages can be broadly classified as virulent phages (replicate via lytic pathway) and temperate phage (replicate via both lytic […]
Starch, the most important source of carbohydrate for human, is a polysaccharide mixture of two polymers, amylose and amylopectin, the latter being predominant. Amylose is a linear polysaccharide of several thousand α-D-glucose linked by 1,4-α-glycosidic […]
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