Giemsa stain is a type of Romanowsky stain, named after Gustav Giemsa, a German chemist who created a dye solution. It was primarily designed for the demonstration of malarial parasites in blood smears, but it is also employed in histology for routine examination of blood smears.
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Uses of Giemsa Stain
Apart from staining malarial parasites, Giemsa stain has a variety of applications in microbiology and pathology:
- Giemsa stain is used to obtain differential white blood cell counts.
- It is also used to differentiate nuclear and cytoplasmic morphology of the various blood cells like platelets, RBCs, WBCs.
- In Microbiology, Giemsa stain is used for staining inclusion bodies in Chlamydia trachomatis, Borrelia species, and if Wayson’s stain is not available, to stain Yersinia pestis. Giemsa stain also is used to stain Histoplasma capsulatum, Pneumocystis jiroveci, Klebsiella granulomatis, Talaromyces marneffei (formerly called Penicillium marneffei) and occasionally bacterial capsules.
- This stain is also used in cytogenetics to stain the chromosomes and identify chromosomal aberrations. It is commonly used for G-banding (Giemsa-Banding)
Principle of Giemsa Stain
Giemsa stain is a differential stain and contains a mixture of azure, methylene blue, and eosin dye. It is specific for the phosphate groups of DNA and attaches itself to where there are high amounts of adenine-thymine bonding.
Azure and eosin are acidic dye that variably stains the basic components of the cells like the cytoplasm, granules etc.
Methylene blue acts as the basic dye, which stains the acidic components, especially the nucleus of the cell.
Methanol act as a fixative as well as the cellular stain. The fixative does not allow any further change in the cells and makes them adhere to the glass slide.
Composition of Giemsa Stain
Giemsa stain can be prepared in house using Giemsa stain powder or can be commercially obtained. The basic ingredients of both are the same; however, dilutions can be made depending on use.
| Ingredients | Gm/L |
| Giemsa powder | 7.6 |
| Glycerol | 500 ml |
| Methanol | 500 ml |
Procedure
A. For In-house preparation of stain:
- Weigh the required amount of powder stain, and transfer to a clean, dry 1litre capacity bottle. Add methanol and mix well.
- Measure and add glycerol and mix well.
- Place the bottle of stain in a water bath at 50-60°C or at 37°C for up to 2hours with frequent mixing.
- Label the bottle and store it in a cool, dark place with a firm stopper.
NOTE: If water gets in contact during any steps of preparation of stain, the stain gets spoilt, therefore use, dry glassware and store in conditions where there would be no water contact.
- Filter the stain using Whatman filter paper no.1 and dilute with water buffered to pH 7.2 to make working solutions
B. For staining slides
The method for staining, concentration and timing of stain used varies according to the purpose, for example, thin blood smears use 1:20 dilution of stock whereas for thick blood smears 1:50 dilution is used.
For Thin blood smears
- Fix air-dried film in absolute methanol by dipping the film briefly (two dips) in a Coplin jar containing absolute methanol.
- Remove and let air dry.
- Stain with diluted Giemsa stain (1:20, vol/vol) for 20 min (For a 1:20 dilution, add 2 ml of stock Giemsa to 40 ml of buffered water in a Coplin jar).
- Wash by briefly dipping the slide in and out of a Coplin jar of buffered water (one or two dips).
Note: Excessive washing will decolorize the film. - Let air dry in a vertical position. Observe under the microscope first at 40X and then using an oil immersion lens
For Thick blood smears
- Allow the film to air dry thoroughly for several hours or overnight. Do not dry films in an incubator or by heat, because this will fix the blood and interfere with the lysing of the RBCs.
Note: If a rapid diagnosis of malaria is needed, thick films can be made slightly thinner than usual, allowed to dry for 1 hour, and then stained. - DO NOT FIX.
- Stain with diluted Giemsa stain (1:50, vol/vol) for 50 min (For a 1:50 dilution, add 1 ml of stock Giemsa to 50 ml of buffered water in a Coplin jar)
- Wash by placing the film in buffered water for 3 to 5 min.
- Let air dry in a vertical position and observe under the microscope first at 40X and then using an oil immersion lens
For Chlamydia trachomatis
Follow the aforementioned steps but with the dilute stain of 1:40 dilution (add 0.5 ml stock Giemsa solution to 19.5 ml buffered water) and leave the stain for 90-120 minutes.
Observation
On microscopic observation, cell organelles, bacteria and, parasites are distinguished based on their morphology and colour;
| Cell Componenets | Color observed after staining |
| Red blood cells | Mauve-pink |
| Neutrophils | Reddish purple nuclei with pink cytoplasm |
| Eosinophils | Purple nuclei, faintly pink cytoplasm and red to orange granules. |
| Basophils | Purple nuclei, blue coarse granules. |
| Lymphocytes | Dark blue nucleus with light blue cytoplasm. |
| Monocytes | Pink cytoplasm with a purple color nucleus. |
| Platelets | Violet to purple color granules. |
| Nuclei of host cells | Dark purple |
| Nuclei of WBCs | Dark purple |
| Cytoplasm of host cells | Pale blue |
| Cytoplasm of white cells | Pale blue or grey-blue |
| Melanin granules | Black green |
| Bacteria | Pale or dark blue |
| Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion bodies | Blue-mauve to dark purple depending on the stage of development |
| Borrelia spirochetes | Mauve-purple |
| Yersinina pestis coccobacilli | Blue with dark stained ends (bipolar staining) |
| Malaria parasite | Malaria parasites have a red or pink nucleus and blue cytoplasm. If P. vivax is seen, the Schüffner dots are seen as an even carpet of pink dots in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. If P. falciparum is observed, Maurer clefts will be seen as unevenly distributed, coarse bodies in the red cell cytoplasm. |
