When two pharmaceutical companies Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech announced developments of mRNA (messenger RNA) vaccine against COVID-19, there is widespread optimism around the globe as it may limit COVID pandemics. Scientists are evaluating nucleotide-based vaccines (DNA […]
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is very sensitive (can detect at a concentration of <0.01 μg/mL) and a specific technique that is used for the quantitative detection of antigens or haptens. RIA is an extremely important tool in […]
When a person is infected with a pathogen, antibodies are produced against many epitopes of this pathogen. A subset of these antibodies can block infection by a process called neutralization. These antibodies block or distort the […]
The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA) is a semi-quantitative, sensitive, and rapid test to detect which can be used to detect specific antibodies or antigens present in the samples. IFA for the detection of Antibodies […]
Phagocytosis is the ingestion of extracellular particulate material such as invading pathogens or dead/dying cells by phagocytic cells and is one of the important innate defense mechanisms. It is primarily conducted by specialized cells, such […]
Human antibodies are Y shaped, tetrapeptide glycoproteins made by two heavy chains and two light chains that are bound together by disulfide bonds. Like any other proteins, antibodies can act as an antigen, if injected […]
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the second most abundant class of immunoglobulin next to IgG, constituting about 10-15% of total serum immunoglobulin and it is the predominant immunoglobulin class in external secretions. IgA can exist as […]
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are special types of glycoprotein molecules that are secreted by well-differentiated B cells, called plasma cells. Antibodies specifically react with the antigens which stimulated their production. They are released from […]
Immunochromatography is a combination of chromatography and immunoassay. This technology is in use to a wide array of tests for clinical, veterinary, and industrial applications. Depending on the assay, either antigen (for detection of antibody) […]
There are basically three ways to stop infectious diseases like covid19, one involves the interruption of transmission by using extraordinary restrictions including social distancing, another is vaccination (vaccine is in developing phase for Covid19), and […]
Serotypes are groups within a single species of microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, which share distinctive surface structures. For example, all Salmonella bacteria look alike under a microscope but they can be separated into […]
The direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test is a rapid microscopic procedure for detecting the presence of a particular antigen (typically a specific protein on the surface of a virus, bacterium, or other microbes) using a […]
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