Phagocytosis is the ingestion of extracellular particulate material such as invading pathogens or dead/dying cells by phagocytic cells and is one of the important innate defense mechanisms. It is primarily conducted by specialized cells, such […]
Human antibodies are Y shaped, tetrapeptide glycoproteins made by two heavy chains and two light chains that are bound together by disulfide bonds. Like any other proteins, antibodies can act as an antigen, if injected […]
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the second most abundant class of immunoglobulin next to IgG, constituting about 10-15% of total serum immunoglobulin and it is the predominant immunoglobulin class in external secretions. IgA can exist as […]
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are special types of glycoprotein molecules that are secreted by well-differentiated B cells, called plasma cells. Antibodies specifically react with the antigens which stimulated their production. They are released from […]
Immunochromatography is a combination of chromatography and immunoassay. This technology is in use to a wide array of tests for clinical, veterinary, and industrial applications. Depending on the assay, either antigen (for detection of antibody) […]
There are basically three ways to stop infectious diseases like covid19, one involves the interruption of transmission by using extraordinary restrictions including social distancing, another is vaccination (vaccine is in developing phase for Covid19), and […]
Serotypes are groups within a single species of microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, which share distinctive surface structures. For example, all Salmonella bacteria look alike under a microscope but they can be separated into […]
The direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test is a rapid microscopic procedure for detecting the presence of a particular antigen (typically a specific protein on the surface of a virus, bacterium or other microbes) using a […]
Detection of specific antigens present in the sample (blood, urine, CSF or stool) using immunologic methods such as precipitin tests, particle agglutination tests, immunofluorescence, immunochromatographic or enzyme immunoassays are the mainstay for the rapid diagnosis […]
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are defined as the antibodies derived from a single clone of plasma cell; all having the same antigen specificity, i.e. produced against a single epitope of an antigen. Polyclonal vs Monoclonal Antibodies […]
Common antigens (or antigens of similar nature) that are possessed by a variety of phylogenetically unrelated species are known as heterophile antigens. Antibodies induced by these antigens cross-react with individual heterophilic antigen, such antibodies are […]
Coombs test (antiglobulin test) is used to detect the presence of ‘incomplete’ Rh antibodies i.e. IgG antibodies capable of sensitising RBCs but incapable of causing agglutination of RBCs (hemagglutination). Antiglobulin (Coombs) test was introduced by […]
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