The initial encounter of a naïve immune-competent lymphocyte with an antigen induces a primary immune response; a later contact of the host with the same antigen will induce a more rapid and heightened secondary immune […]
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a tightly linked cluster of genes present in every mammalian species. The MHC is referred to as the HLA complex in humans and the H-2 complex in mice. Roles: Development of […]
The substance that induce a specific immune response and subsequently react with the products of a specific immune response is called antigen (it is more appropriately called as immunogen). In the case of infectious diseases, the […]
The complement system is a part of the immune system, consists of a series of proteins that interact with one another in a highly regulated manner, in order to eliminate pathogens. It helps antibodies and […]
The term “blotting” refers to the transfer of biological samples from a gel to a membrane and their subsequent detection on the surface of the membrane. Southern blot is used for transferring DNA, Northern blot […]
Immunoglobulin M (IgM), the largest pentameric immunoglobulin is used as a marker of recent primary infection for some diseases. IgM constitutes 5-10% of serum immunoglobulins in adults. IgM has half life of 5 days and can […]
Treponema pallidum Hemagglutination Assay (TPHA) is a treponemal test for the serologic diagnosis of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by a Spirochetes, Treponema pallidum. Based on the principle of passive haemagglutination, this test detects […]
Widal test is a milestone invention in medicine. This test was devised by Frank Widal in 1896. Widal originally described the test to diagnose Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B infection. Patients infected with S. enterica […]
The complement fixation test is one of the major traditional tests for the demonstration of presence of specific antigens or antibodies. It requires a veritable zoo of reagents and numerous preparatory steps. There are almost […]
The rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test is a macroscopic, nontreponemal flocculation card test used to screen for syphilis. Let’s first analyze the test name: Rapid: Its rapid test that can be done within few minutes. […]
The test principle, procedure and interpretation presented here are based on Latex Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO) test. The presence of Anti streptolysin O antibodies in serum can be indicated by seeing the ability of serum to […]
Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test is a nonspecific flocculation test which is used for the screening of syphilis. VDRL test is easy to perform and inexpensive, so it is commonly used in the screening […]
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