Superantigens are microbial peptides that can polyclonally activate a large fraction of T cells (up to 20%). They escape normal antigen processing by antigen presenting cells (APCs) and can directly bind to T cell receptor […]
Antibodies are glycoproteins produced by our body in response to invading organisms or toxins (antigens). When a pathogen (bacteria, virus, protozoa or helminth) enters our body and anyhow manages to reach our blood stream, antigen […]
Activation of B cells requires two signals. Depending on the nature of the antigen, B-cell activation proceeds by two different routes, one dependent on helper T cells (TH cells), the other not. In the case […]
This antibody crosses placenta and plays an important role in protecting the developing fetus. If i can write only a single sentence to introduce IgG, the above sentence may be the most powerful sentence that […]
Immunity is defined as the resistance offered by the host against microorganism(s) or any other foreign substance(s). Immunity can be broadly classified into two types: Innate Immunity-present right from the birth Acquired/Adaptive Immunity- acquired during […]
The initial encounter of a naïve immune-competent lymphocyte with an antigen induces a primary immune response; a later contact of the host with the same antigen will induce a more rapid and heightened secondary immune […]
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a tightly linked cluster of genes present in every mammalian species. The MHC is referred to as the HLA complex in humans and the H-2 complex in mice. Roles: Development of […]
The substance that induce a specific immune response and subsequently react with the products of a specific immune response is called antigen (it is more appropriately called as immunogen). In the case of infectious diseases, the […]
The complement system is a part of the immune system, consists of a series of proteins that interact with one another in a highly regulated manner, in order to eliminate pathogens. It helps antibodies and […]
The term “blotting” refers to the transfer of biological samples from a gel to a membrane and their subsequent detection on the surface of the membrane. Southern blot is used for transferring DNA, Northern blot […]
A vast array of childhood infections can be prevented by starting immunization early and sticking closely to the vaccination schedule laid out by the below childhood vaccination checklist created by Carrington.edu. This carefully researched schedule removes all doubt […]
Immunoglobulin M (IgM), the largest pentameric immunoglobulin is used as a marker of recent primary infection for some diseases. IgM constitutes 5-10% of serum immunoglobulins in adults. IgM has half life of 5 days and can […]
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