Dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by dengue virus, an Arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus). It is transmitted via the bite of an infected female Aedes aegypti mosquito. Laboratory diagnosis method for confirming dengue viral infection involves the use of one or a combination of any of the following four different methods
- Microscopy and staining
- Culture
- Serology
- Molecular diagnosis
Note: These diagnosis methods are used for the diagnosis of any infections (viral, bacterial, parasitic, or fungal). The relative importance of a particular method differs among infections. Students are expected to know the main diagnostic test(s) of the particular infection.
Sample
- Early stages of the disease: after the onset of illness, the virus can be detected in blood (serum, plasma) or tissues; methods employed are; virus isolation, nucleic acid, or antigen detection.
- At the end of an acute phase of infection: serology is the method of choice.
Note: For virus culture, it is important to keep blood samples cooled or frozen to preserve the viability of the virus during transport from the patient to the laboratory.
- Microscopy and staining: Direct visualization of the virus in the sample (using electron microscopy or via fluorescent staining technique) can be done. This is not the preferred method in diagnostic laboratories.
- Culture: Virus isolation in cell culture is difficult and is not the commonly used method in diagnostic laboratories because it is a demanding procedure (both in terms of infrastructure and technical expertise). Virus may be recovered from serum, plasma, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Inoculation of a mosquito cell line with patient serum, coupled with nucleic acid assays to identify the recovered virus is a commonly used approach in the research lab.
Serological test: Serological tests are the mainstay in the diagnosis of viral infections.
- Detection of viral antigen:
- Dengue NS1 antigen detection is useful for the diagnosis of acute dengue infections up to 0-7 days of symptoms but not recommended after 7 days.
- NS1 antigen has been detected in the serum of DENV infected patients as early as 1-day post-onset of symptoms (DPO), and up to 18 DPO.
- NS1 ELISA based antigen assay is commercially available
- NS1 assay may also be useful for differential diagnostics between flaviviruses because of the specificity of the assay.
- Result interpretation
- A positive NS1 test result confirms dengue virus infection but does not provide serotype information.
- A negative NS1 test result does not rule out infection. People with negative NS1 results should be tested for the presence of dengue IgM antibodies to determine possible recent dengue exposure.
Detection of anti-dengue antibodies in serum or other body fluids by ELISA or other rapid tests. Various methods (IgM/IgG ELISA, Hemagglutination Inhibition Test, or rapid diagnostic kits) are available to detect anti-dengue antibodies; IgM detection:
- Useful for the diagnosis of primary dengue infection and in distinguishing dengue from other flavivirus infections.
- IgM antibodies are detectable in 99% of patients by day 10 after the onset of illness.
- IgM levels peak about two weeks after the onset of symptoms and then decline to undetectable levels over 2–3 months.
- Sensitivity: 65-75% sensitive in a single acute serum sample.
IgG detection: Tests that detect IgG are useful in diagnosing secondary disease (IgG is the dominant immunoglobulin type in secondary infection). The test is complicated by cross-reactivity of IgG antibodies to heterologous flavivirus antigens (West Nile virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, zika virus).
Note: To distinguish between primary and secondary dengue infections, IgM/IgG antibody ratios are now more commonly used than the hemagglutination-inhibition test (HI).
- Molecular diagnosis: detection of viral RNA in plasma or serum or tissues using nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). RT-PCR based methods for rapid identification and serotyping of dengue virus in acute phase serum are available.
Interpretation of Dengue Diagnostic Tests:
| Highly Suggestive | Confirmed |
One of the following:
| One of the following:
|
References and Further Readings:
- WHO: Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control
- CDC: http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/clinicalLab/laboratory.html
Acharya Tankeshwar
Hello, thank you for visiting my blog. I am Tankeshwar Acharya. Blogging is my passion. As an asst. professor, I am teaching microbiology and immunology to medical and nursing students at PAHS, Nepal. I have been working as a microbiologist at Patan hospital for more than 10 years.Keep Reading
3 responses to “Lab Diagnosis of Lymphatic Filariasis”
We love to get your feedback. Share your queries or comments
This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.
Should pattient be deeply sleeping conditions or just after awakening for test of microfileria?
I sent my patient in the midnight for micro filarial test. But I found that lab technician, Evaluated test after 12 hours and told me that it is not positive. I am not happy. So let me know,the correct procedure. Why instant check was not done. Last week I sent the same patient for lab test and the result was positive. Why this happens. Do u want him to take ELISA test. Please inform. Thanks. From Dr Anand
I would like to order the Binax Now Filariasis kit but I can not find anywhere to get this. Can you help with this?