This post was most recently updated on May 4th, 2019Activation of B cells requires two signals. Depending on the nature of the antigen, B-cell activation proceeds by two different routes, one dependent on helper T […]
This post was most recently updated on February 26th, 2019Immunity is defined as the resistance offered by the host against microorganism(s) or any other foreign substance(s). Immunity can be broadly classified into two types: Innate […]
This post was most recently updated on February 26th, 2019The initial encounter of a naïve immune-competent lymphocyte with an antigen induces a primary immune response; a later contact of the host with the same antigen […]
This post was most recently updated on August 26th, 2019The advent of Electron Microscopy in 1932 open the door to visualize small subcellular structure and viruses which were beyond the scope of Light microscopy which […]
This post was most recently updated on August 25th, 2019Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a tightly linked cluster of genes present in every mammalian species. The MHC is referred to as the HLA complex in humans […]
This post was most recently updated on August 26th, 2019Bacillary dysentery also known as shigellosis is a bacterial disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella spp. Other bacterial cause of dysentery are, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, […]
This post was most recently updated on August 26th, 2019Taeniasis is the parasitic infection of humans caused by adult tapeworm species; i.e. Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) or Taenia asiatica (Asian tapeworm). T. solium and T. saginata have […]
This post was most recently updated on April 26th, 2018Staphylococcus and Micrococcus both are Gram positive cocci (GPC). Both of these cocci are non-motile, non-sporing and Catalase Positive. Both of these organisms are normal flora of […]
This post was most recently updated on August 26th, 2019Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitides are Gram negative diplococci (kidney bean-shaped) with flattened sides. They are characteristically found inside polymorphonuclear leucocytes. They are non-sporing, non-motile and […]
This post was most recently updated on August 26th, 2019All living cells can be classified as either prokaryotic or eukarytoic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane enclosed structures, whereas eukaryotic cells have such […]
This post was most recently updated on August 26th, 2019Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are two most common pathogenic gram positive cocci of medical importance. They share some of the important properties. Common characteristics shared by of […]
This post was most recently updated on August 26th, 2019The cell wall of Gram negative bacteria is more complex than those of Gram positive bacteria. Gram negative bacteria contain an extra layer of cells called […]
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