The initial encounter of a naïve immune-competent lymphocyte with an antigen induces a primary immune response; a later contact of the host with the same antigen will induce a more rapid and heightened secondary immune […]
Spread plate technique is a method employed to plate a liquid sample for the purpose of isolating or counting the bacteria present in that sample. A perfect spread plate technique will results visible and isolated colonies of bacteria […]
Most Probable Number (MPN) is a method used to estimate the concentration of viable microorganisms in a sample by means of replicate liquid broth growth in ten-fold dilutions. It is commonly used in estimating microbial […]
Thioglycollate broth is the enrichment broth most frequently used in diagnostic bacteriology. This broth supports growth of anaerobes, aerobes, microaerophilic, and fastidious microorganisms. It contains many nutrient factors, including casein, yeast, and beef extracts, and […]
All living cells can be classified as either prokaryotic or eukarytoic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane enclosed structures, whereas eukaryotic cells have such structure. All prokaryotes are single-celled organism and all are […]
Lecithinase test or Nagler’s reaction is a biochemical test used to identify organisms which liberate phospholipases (lecithinases) e.g. Clostridium perfringens. The alpha (α) toxin of C. perfringens has phospholipase activity and hence, helps in differentiation […]
The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is the standard method of determining whether a person is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or have exposure to tubercle bacilli. It was developed by Koch in 1890 but the intradermal […]
Acridine orange is a dye that intercalates or binds with the nucleic acid ( either DNA or RNA) present in organisms and fluoresce to emit various colors that help in differentiation of cellular organells. This […]
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) is a selective medium primarily used for the isolation of dermatophytes, other fungi and yeasts but can also grow filamentous bacteria such as Nocardia. The acidic pH of this medium (pH about […]
Albert stain is a type of differential stain used for staining the volutin granules also known as Metachromatic granules or food granules found in Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is named as metachromatic because of its property […]
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) is a general purpose basal medium for the identification, cultivation and enumeration of yeast and molds in foods and dairy products. It may also be used for the cultivation of yeasts […]
Baird Parker Agar was developed by Baird Parker in 1962 and is a modification of Tellurite-glycine formulation of Zebovitz et al. It is a moderately selective medium for the isolation and differentiation of coagulase positive […]
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