The Carba NP test (CNPt) is a biochemical test for the rapid detection (≥2 h) of carbapenemase production in Gram-negative bacilli. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommends Carba NP test for ensuring the production […]
Neisseria meningitidis also referred to as meningococci are fastidious, aerobic Gram-negative diplococci with adjacent sides flattened (lens-shape/half-moon-shaped). Though it is a commensal of nasopharynx for immunocompetent individuals, it may cause sepsis and meningococcal meningitis in […]
Macrolides are primarily bacteriostatic antibacterial agents that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding with 50S subunit of the ribosome. Members of the group include erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, dirithromycin, and telithromycin. Macrolides were originally derived from […]
Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against a wide range of Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and several intracellular bacterial pathogens such as chlamydia, rickettsia, mycoplasma, etc. Tetracyclines are usually considered as bacteriostatic antibiotics. The […]
Electron microscope as the name suggests is a type of microscope that uses electrons instead of visible light to illuminate the object. Electromagnets function as lenses in the electron microscope, and the whole system operates […]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in humans. It is a slightly curved rod arranged singly or in groups. Mycobacterium tuberculosis grows very slowly, taking up to 6 weeks for visible […]
Fluorescence microscopy is a type of light microscope that works on the principle of fluorescence. A substance is said to be fluorescent when it absorbs the energy of invisible shorter wavelength radiation (such as UV […]
Corynebacterium diphtheriae also known as Klebs-Löffler bacillus is a Gram-positive bacillus responsible for causing diphtheria. Once a major cause of illness and death among children, diphtheria became a rare disease after the administration of vaccination. The […]
Dark-field microscopy is a technique that can be used for the observation of living, unstained cells and microorganisms. In this microscopy, the specimen is brightly illuminated while the background is dark. It is one type […]
Starch, the most important source of carbohydrate for human, is a polysaccharide mixture of two polymers, amylose and amylopectin, the latter being predominant. Amylose is a linear polysaccharide of several thousand α-D-glucose linked by 1,4-α-glycosidic […]
Identification of fungi depends largely on their macroscopic features (colony characteristics, growth rate, color, texture, diffusible pigment, exudates, aerial and submerged hyphae) and microscopic features (arrangement of spores and sporing bodies). Arrangements of conidiophores and […]
Biological safety cabinet (BSC) is an engineering control intended to protect laboratory workers, laboratory environment and work materials from exposure to infectious or biohazardous aerosols and splashes. Such aerosols and splashes may be generated while […]
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