Proteus are Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are widely distributed in nature and also occur as normal intestinal flora of humans. An opportunistic pathogen, they are one of the common cause of […]
Haemophilus influenzae is a pleomorphic, gram negative coccobacillus which is divided into two groups: unencapsulated (non-typeable) and encapsulated. Encapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae are further classified into 6 different serotypes (a-f) based on the presence […]
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is one of the most common causes of pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis in children and adults both in developing and developed countries. S. pneumoniae is the most common causative agent in community-acquired […]
Skin is the body’s largest and thinnest organ which serves as an anatomical barrier between the sterile internal organs and the external environment which is teemed with microorganisms. Break in the skin surface may results […]
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to several antibiotics. Historically, staph strains that are oxacillin and methicillin resistant are termed as MRSA. MRSA are resistant to all ß-lactam […]
Antibodies are glycoproteins produced by our body in response to invading organisms or toxins (antigens). When a pathogen (bacteria, virus, protozoa or helminth) enters our body and anyhow manages to reach our blood stream, antigen […]
MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is a versatile analytical technique to detect and characterize mixtures of organic molecules. In Microbiology, it is being used as a rapid, accurate and cost-effective method for the identification of microorganism (bacteria, […]
Bacteriophage “bacteria eaters” are infectious agents that replicate as obligate intracellular parasites in bacteria but in extracellular environment they are metabolically inert. A typical phage contains “head” (containing DNA embedded in a protein envelope), “neck”and […]
Deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA) is a selective and differential medium, recommended for the isolation of enteric pathogens particularly Salmonella and Shigella species. Deoxycholate Citrate Agar is a modification of Deoxycholate Agar formulated by Leifson. DCA […]
Laboratory diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections can be carried out by detection and identification of the parasites or their particular stages (ova/egg, cyst, larva or trophozoite) in the stool specimen. Stool sample collection: Stool specimen […]
Activation of B cells requires two signals. Depending on the nature of the antigen, B-cell activation proceeds by two different routes, one dependent on helper T cells (TH cells), the other not. In the case […]
Blood culture is one of the most simple and commonly used investigation to establish the etiology of bloodstream infections (i.e. detection of bacteremia, sepsis and fungemia). Early diagnosis and accurate identification of the bacteria or […]
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