Coombs test (antiglobulin test) is used to detect the presence of ‘incomplete’ Rh antibodies i.e. IgG antibodies capable of sensitising RBCs but incapable of causing agglutination of RBCs (hemagglutination). Antiglobulin (Coombs) test was introduced by […]
Kligler’s Iron Agar (KIA) is used for the detection of carbohydrate fermentation. Reactions of KIA helps to include/exclude particular bacterial isolate in the family Enterobacteriaceae. If an organism cannot ferment glucose, then in KIA, alkaline […]
The function of Antibody (Ab) refers to the biological effect that antibody has on a pathogen or its toxin. In addition to binding an antigen (Ag), antibodies participate in various biological activities. Though they do […]
Leptospirosis (also known as weil’s disease) is one of the widespread zoonoses caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira and is found in virtually all tropical and temperate areas of the world. Adolf Weil described […]
T cells and B cells are white blood cells that are important cells for adaptive immunity. Like all blood cells, they are made in the bone marrow. While B-cells mature in the bone marrow, T-cells […]
Aspergillus is a ubiquitous mold found throughout the world in air, soil, water, and decaying vegetation. It is an opportunistic pathogen causing infections mainly in people with impaired immunity (people living with HIV/AIDS, having chronic […]
Early diagnosis of fungal infection is critical for effective treatment. For many decades, culture, direct microscopy, and histopathology have been the foundation for the diagnosis of fungal infections. Severely immunosuppressed patient population is continuously growing […]
Mycoplasma is the smallest (0.2 – 0.8 micrometers) free-living bacteria (light microscopy cannot detect it) that can pass through some filters (0.45-μm-pore-size) used to remove bacteria. It has smallest genome (a total of about 500 […]
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative rod shaped bacteria of genus Klebsiella and family Enterobacteriaceae. They are members of normal intestinal flora of humans and animals and may be isolated from a variety of environmental sources. K. pneumoniae was first […]
Superantigens are microbial peptides that can polyclonally activate a large fraction of T cells (up to 20%). They escape normal antigen processing by antigen presenting cells (APCs) and can directly bind to T cell receptor […]
Proteus are Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are widely distributed in nature and also occur as normal intestinal flora of humans. An opportunistic pathogen, they are one of the common cause of […]
Haemophilus influenzae is a pleomorphic, gram negative coccobacillus which is divided into two groups: unencapsulated (non-typeable) and encapsulated. Encapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae are further classified into 6 different serotypes (a-f) based on the presence […]
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