Francisella tularensis causes life-threatening infection of animals (rabbits, hares, and rodents) and people (zoonotic disease). It is also known as ‘Rabbit Fever’ or ‘Deer Fly fever’. Properties of Francisella tularensis Causes highly infectious (as few […]
Burkholderia pseudomallei causes a life-threatening disease known as meliodiosis (also called Whitmore’s disease). It is glanders (caused by B. mallei) like disease in animals and humans. It affects both humans or animals (rats, rabbits, and guinea […]
Leptospira interrogans is a member of the class Spirochaetes order Spirochaetales and the family Leptospiraceae. There are two species of Leptospira; L. interrogans are the pathogenic species and are the causative agents of leptospirosis or […]
Bacteriophages “bacteria-eater” are infectious agents that replicate as obligate intracellular parasites in bacteria with high selectivity. They are the powerful regulators of bacterial populations in natural ecosystems and are found in the soils, plants, rivers, […]
Nocardia species are gram-positive, variably acid-fast, filamentous, and strictly aerobic organisms belonging to the actinomycetes group. Nocardia spp form branched filaments that extend along the surface (substrate hyphae) and into the air (aerial hyphae). They […]
Visible morphological changes in cell cultures caused by viral infections is called cytopathic effects (CPE). The degree of visible changes to cells caused by viral infection varies with the type of virus, type of host […]
Shell vial cell culture, a centrifuge enhanced tissue culture assay, is a modification of conventional cell culture for the rapid detection of viruses in vitro. Principle The technique involves inoculation of the clinical specimen on […]
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is very sensitive (can detect at a concentration of <0.01 μg/mL) and a specific technique that is used for the quantitative detection of antigens or haptens. RIA is an extremely important tool in […]
When a person is infected with a pathogen, antibodies are produced against many epitopes of this pathogen. A subset of these antibodies can block infection by a process called neutralization. These antibodies block or distort the […]
The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA) is a semi-quantitative, sensitive, and rapid test to detect which can be used to detect specific antibodies or antigens present in the samples. IFA for the detection of Antibodies […]
Embroyonated chicken eggs are used for the cultivation of some viruses. The viruses grow in the cells of the embryo and membranes. Specimens are inoculated into pathogen-free fertilized eggs of 10-11 days and are incubated […]
Legionella is a faintly staining gram-negative pleomorphic rod, responsible for causing Legionnaires‘ disease; a severe form of atypical pneumonia, and Pontiac fever. Legionella was first recognized in 1976 after an outbreak of pneumonia at an American […]
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