McFarland turbidity standards are prepared by mixing various volumes of 1% sulfuric acid and 1% barium chloride to obtain solutions with specific optical densities. 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard provides an optical density comparable to the […]
The nitrocefin biochemical test is a sensitive technique for detecting beta-lactamase producing strains of N. gonorrhoeae, H. influenzae, Staphylococcus spp, Enterococcus spp and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Nitrocefin is the only reliable test for detecting beta-lactamase producing Enterococcus spp. […]
Epsilometer test (E- test ) is an ‘exponential gradient’ method of determination of antimicrobial resistance. The E-test has been developed to provide a direct quantification of antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms.This is a quantitative method that applies […]
Modified Hodge Test (MHT) is a simple phenotypic test for detection of presence of carbapenemase enzyme in bacteria. Positive MHT test is observed in Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), Metallo Beta lactamase (MBL) and the SME-1 […]
Stokes Disc Diffusion Technique varies from Kirby Bauer disc diffusion in the use of both control and test strain on a same plate. Stokes disc diffusion technique is not as highly standardized as the Kirby-Bauer technique […]
Modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test method is a reference method which could be used as a routine technique to test the sensitivity of the isolate in the clinical laboratory. The disc diffusion method was originally described in 1966, […]
World Health organization has published the basic set of drugs for routine susceptibility testing in various situations. The drugs are divided in to two sets. Set 1: It includes the drugs that are available in […]
When the result of antimicrobial susceptibility testing is reported to the clinician, pathogenic microorganisms are classified into one of the three categories; “Resistant”, “Intermediate” or “Susceptible”. Other less used categories are “Susceptible-dose dependent” and “Nonsusceptible”. These interpretive […]
Antimicrobial agents that are chosen for testing against a particular bacterial isolate are referred to as the antimicrobial battery or panel. Selecting the appropriate antimicrobials for susceptibility testing can be difficult given the vast numbers of […]
Preparation of antibiotic stock solutions Antibitiotics may be received as powders or tablets. It is recommended to obtain pure antibiotics from commercial sources, and not use injectable solutions. Powders must be accurately weighed and dissolved […]
Inducible clindamycin resistance in staphylococci can be detected by disk diffusion method using Clindamycin and Erythromycin disks. D test is performed by disk diffusion, placing a 15-μg Erythromycin disk in proximity to a 2-μg Clindamycin disk on […]
Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) is the best medium to use for routine susceptibility testing using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for nonfastidious bacteria (both aerobe and facultative anaerobe). Use of media other than Mueller-Hinton agar may result in erroneous results. Mueller-Hinton […]
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