Phenotypic Methods for the Detection of Carbapenemases
Phenotypic Methods for the Detection of Carbapenemases
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Methods for testing antibiotic susceptibility in clinical microbiology
Carba NP Test (CNPt): Principle, Procedure, Results
Carba NP Test (CNPt): Principle, Procedure, Results
MIC vs MBC: What Each Measures and When the Difference Actually Matters
MIC stops bacterial growth; MBC kills it. Learn how MBC is determined from MIC tubes, the MBC/MIC ratio, and the specific clinical scenarios (endocarditis, osteomyelitis, neutropen...
E-Test (Epsilometer): Why It Beats a Plain Disc Test, Procedure & Reading Rules
E-test gives an exact MIC value, not just a Susceptible/Resistant call. Full procedure, strip placement, and the reading rules that trip up most students — plus how E-test strips a...
Modified Hodge Test (MHT): Procedure, and Why CLSI No Longer Recommends It
MHT detects carbapenemase via a clover-leaf growth pattern, and CLSI dropped it from its guidelines in 2018 in favor of mCIM and Carba NP. The procedure, the limitations that led t...
Stokes Disc Diffusion Method: Principle, Procedure, Results
Stokes Disc Diffusion Method: Principle, Procedure, Results
Broth Dilution Method for MIC: Macrodilution vs Microdilution, Procedure & Troubleshooting
Step-by-step broth macrodilution and microdilution procedure for MIC determination — antibiotic stock prep, 0.5 McFarland standardization, reading results, and a troubleshooting gu...
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST): Guidelines and Best Practices
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST): Guidelines and Best Practices
Susceptible, Intermediate, or Resistant: What the Categories Actually Mean (and Why "Intermediate" Isn't a Maybe)
S/I/R isn't a fixed mm or μg/mL cutoff — it's organism-and-drug-specific. Learn how breakpoints are set, why "Intermediate" reflects real pharmacology rather than uncertainty, and...
Preparation of Antibiotic Stock Solutions and Discs
Preparation of Antibiotic Stock Solutions and Discs
Transport and Storage of Antimicrobial Discs
Transport and Storage of Antimicrobial Discs
D-Test for Inducible Clindamycin Resistance: Why "Clindamycin-Susceptible" Isn't Always True
Erythromycin-resistant, clindamycin-susceptible on a routine report, but is it really? The D-test catches inducible resistance that standard susceptibility testing misses, and that...