Infections caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites are the major threats worldwide. Fortunately, such infections are detectable. Detecting diseases in early-stage reduces...
Category: Immunology
A personalized vaccine has the potential to create the next golden age in the field of immunization and vaccinology. The basic idea of such a vaccine is one vaccine for one patient, which differs...
Antigens and antibodies bind by weak forces such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waal's forces rather than covalent bonds. The strength of this noncovalent...
Adjuvants are ingredients used in some vaccines to enhance the immunogenicity of antigens (immunogens). Adjuvants are used to boost the immune response when an antigen has low immunogenicity or when...
Epitopes, also known as antigenic determinants, are the immunologically active discrete sites on the antigen molecule that physically bind to antibodies, B-cell receptors, or T-cell receptors....
The immune system consists of many different organs, tissues, and cells scattered throughout the body but connected via blood vessels or lymphatic channels. These cells communicate with each other...