When the specific antibodies (agglutinins) bind to surface antigens of bacteria/virus or any antigens immobilized in particulate matter (such as latex particle) and cause the formation of a visible clumps, such test is called agglutination test. […]
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is extremely sensitive test that is used to detect specific antibodies or antigens. The direct ELISA is a test for the detection of antigen using specific immobilized antibody. In this procedure, […]
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test is the most widely used type of immunoassay. ELISA is a rapid test used for detecting or quantifying antibody (Ab) against viruses, bacteria and other materials or antigen (Ag). ELISA is so named […]
Which of the following antibody is an important host defense against encapsulated bacteria? a. IgG1 b. IgG2 c. IgG3 d. IgG4 Which of the following immunoglobulin is the most abundant immunoglobulin in newborns? a. IgA […]
A firm diagnosis of kala-azar/ visceral leishmaniasis (VL) requires demonstration of the parasite in splenic or bone marrow aspirate. But getting biopsy sample is an invasive test so different antigen/antibody detection methods are in use […]
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY: Antibody-independent immunity, mediated by TH1 cells. Examples: Type-IV Hypersensitivity responses, responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogens. MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION: IFN-gamma, secreted by TH1 cells, activates macrophages. Increase expression of MHC-II molecules in […]
Cytokines are bioactive hormones, normally glycoproteins, which exercise a wide variety of biological effects on those cells which express the appropriate receptors. Cytokines are designated by their cellular origin such that Monokines include those interleukins […]
General feature of antigen antibody reactions The reaction is specific; an antigen combines only with its homologous antibody and vice versa. The specificity however is not absolute and cross reactions may occur due to antigenic […]
In this section, you can find 18 questions (from 20 to 38) from various topics of Immunology. The answers of these questions are given at the end of this blog post. 20. Pollen would most […]
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