Last updated on May 30th, 2021Neisseria is the only pathogenic gram negative cocci (precisely diplococci). Two species of Neisseria causes disease in humans; Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Human beings are only known hosts of […]
Last updated on May 20th, 2021Capsular polysaccharides Neisseria meningitidis strains are frequently encapsulated and 13 different capsular serogroups have been found so far. These capsular polysaccharides protect the meningococci from the action of phagocytic cells […]
Last updated on June 4th, 2021Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Syphilis has diverse clinical manifestations and shares many clinical features with other treponemal and nontreponemal diseases (because of this, […]
Last updated on May 30th, 2021Fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test is an indirect fluorescent antibody technique used as a confirmatory test for syphilis. FTA-ABS is the first serological test to become positive following infection i.e., 3-4 […]
Last updated on July 9th, 2021The venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test is a nonspecific microflocculation test for the screening of syphilis. It uses antigen-containing cardiolipin, lecithin, and cholesterol and measures both IgG and IgM […]
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