Neisseria is the only pathogenic gram negative cocci (precisely diplococci). Two species of Neisseria causes disease in humans; Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Human beings are only known hosts of N.gonorrhoeae. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (often called gonococcus) causes […]
Capsular polysaccharides Neisseria meningitidis strains are frequently encapsulated and 13 different capsular serogroups have been found so far. These capsular polysaccharides protect the meningococci from the action of phagocytic cells and enhance organism’s survival during […]
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Syphilis has diverse clinical manifestations and shares many clinical features with other treponemal and nontreponemal diseases (because of this, syphilis has been called “The […]
Fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test is an indirect fluorescent antibody technique used as a confirmatory test for syphilis. FTA-ABS is the first serological test (cardiolipin or specific treponemal) to become positive following infection i.e., 3-4 weeks […]
Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test is a nonspecific flocculation test which is used for the screening of syphilis. VDRL test is easy to perform and inexpensive, so it is commonly used in the screening […]
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