Last updated on June 7th, 2021 The average radius of the prokaryotic cells is:a. 0.5-2.0 μmb. 1.0-4.0 μmc. 1.0-10.0 μmd. 5.0-10.0 μme. 10.0-30.0 μm While viewing the soil sample under the microscope you will notice […]
Last updated on June 6th, 2021 If a scientist actively researches the frequency and distribution of the diseases, he is said to be a:a. Mycologistb. Immunologist c. Etiologistd. Epidemiologiste. Ecologist The biggest obstacle in the […]
Last updated on May 13th, 2021CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY: Antibody-independent immunity, mediated by TH1 cells.Examples: Type-IV Hypersensitivity responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogens. MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION: IFN-gamma, secreted by TH1 cells, activates macrophages. Increase expression of […]
Last updated on May 13th, 2021Cytokines are bioactive hormones, normally glycoproteins, which exercise a wide variety of biological effects on those cells which express the appropriate receptors. Cytokines are designated by their cellular origin such […]
Last updated on June 6th, 2021The direct microscopic visualization of the malarial parasite on the thick and/or thin blood smears has been the “gold standard” for malaria diagnosis. Thick Blood smear Thick blood film samples […]
Last updated on May 30th, 2021 Hepatitis A is a fecal-oral transmitted infection often acquired through contaminated food. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) causes infectious hepatitis. It is a subacute disease of global distribution, which affects […]
Last updated on May 30th, 2021Typical measles is reliably diagnosed on clinical grounds; laboratory diagnosis may be necessary in cases of modified or atypical measles. Clinical diagnosis: if Koplik’s spots are detected and if the […]
Last updated on May 27th, 2021Laboratory diagnosis of human or animal rabies has to be based on the following findings: Demonstration of virus antigens (Ag) or nucleic acid from the brain, spinal cord, salivary glands, […]
Last updated on May 22nd, 2020 Tests to diagnose HIV infection can be divided into different categories: virus culture, antigen detection, detection of antibodies, and viral genome amplification (PCR). Sample Collection and Transport For standard […]
Last updated on July 4th, 2021 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a complex RNA virus of the genus Lentivirus within the Retroviridae family. HIV is an approximately 100 nm icosahedral structure with 72 external spikes […]
Last updated on May 22nd, 2021At any time during the culture of a cell strain, cells in the culture may become transformed, meaning that they are no longer subject to crisis and senescence but can […]
Last updated on May 13th, 2021Two types of vaccine are available against poliomyelitis, inactivated vaccine (IPV, Salk) and a live attenuated oral vaccine (OPV, Sabin). Both vaccine formulations contain all three polio types. Oral Polio […]
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