The average radius of the prokaryotic cells is: a. 0.5-2.0 μm b. 1.0-4.0 μm c. 1.0-10.0 μm d. 5.0-10.0 μm e. 10.0-30.0 μm While viewing the soil sample under the microscope you will notice a […]
If a scientist actively researches the frequency and distribution of the diseases, he is said to be a: a. Mycologist b. Immunologist c. Etiologist d. Epidemiologist e. Ecologist The biggest obstacle in the acceptance and […]
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY: Antibody-independent immunity, mediated by TH1 cells. Examples: Type-IV Hypersensitivity responses, responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogens. MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION: IFN-gamma, secreted by TH1 cells, activates macrophages. Increase expression of MHC-II molecules in […]
Cytokines are bioactive hormones, normally glycoproteins, which exercise a wide variety of biological effects on those cells which express the appropriate receptors. Cytokines are designated by their cellular origin such that Monokines include those interleukins […]
The direct microscopic visualization of the malarial parasite on the thick and/or thin blood smears has been the “gold standard” for malaria diagnosis. Thick Blood smear Thick blood film samples a relatively large volume of […]
Hepatitis A is a fecal-oral transmitted infection often acquired through contaminated food. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) causes infectious hepatitis. It is a subacute disease of global distribution, which affects mainly children and young adults. Some […]
Typical measles is reliably diagnosed on clinical grounds; laboratory diagnosis may be necessary in cases of modified or atypical measles. Clinical diagnosis: if Koplik’s spots are detected and if the rash progresses from the head […]
Laboratory diagnosis of human or animal rabies has to be based on the following findings: Demonstration of virus antigens (Ag) or nucleic acid from brain, spinal cord, salivary glands, saliva, cornea or skin by means […]
Tests to diagnose HIV infection can be divided into different categories: virus culture, antigen detection, detection of antibodies, and viral genome amplification (PCR). Sample Collection and Transport For standard HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody testing a single tube […]
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a complex RNA virus of the genus Lentivirus within the Retroviridae family. HIV is an approximately 100 nm icosahedral structure with 72 external spikes that are formed by the two […]
At any time during the culture of a cell strain, cells in the culture may become transformed, meaning that they are no longer subject to crisis and senescence but can be passage indefinitely i.e. they […]
Two types of vaccine are available against poliomyelitis, inactivated vaccine (IPV, Salk) and live attenuated oral vaccine (OPV, Sabin). Both vaccine formulations contain all three polio types. Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) /Sabin OPV was the most […]
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