Capsule stain is a type of differential stain which uses acidic and basic dyes to stain background & bacterial cells respectively so that presence of capsule is easily visualized. Capsule is synthesized in the cytoplasm […]
Streptococcus pyogenes is the leading cause of uncomplicated bacterial pharyngitis and tonsillitis commonly referred to as strep throat. Acute diseases associated with Streptococcus pyogenes occur chiefly in the respiratory tract (sinusitis, otitis), bloodstream (sepsis, endocarditis, meningitis), or the skin (impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, myositis}. Two […]
The cell wall of Gram negative bacteria is more complex than those of Gram positive bacteria. Gram negative bacteria contain an extra layer of cells called outer membrane or LPS layer which surrounds the thin […]
Morphological characteristics of pathogenic bacteria help us to identify them when we stain microbiological specimens and view them under a microscope. In this blog post, I am going to share some of the distinguishing characteristics […]
The term peptidoglycan was derived from the peptides and the sugars (glycan) that make a molecule; it is also called ‘Murein’. It is found only in bacterial cell walls, thus, its synthesis can be targeted by […]
Transposons are mobile genetic elements which are found in almost all organisms. Scientists believe that transposons make up more than 40% of the human genome. They are also referred to as ‘jumping genes’ as they […]
Concentrated deposits of certain substances which are presented/located in the cytoplasm of certain bacteria are known as cytoplasmic granules or inclusion bodies.They serves as storage areas for nutrients, e.g. volutin granules are reserve of high […]
Teichoic acids were discovered in 1958 by Armstrong and co-authors. The term teichoic acid encompasses a diverse family of cell surface glycopolymers containing phosphodiester- linked polyol repeat units. Teichoic acids are fibres of glycerol phosphate (glycerol […]
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer also called the outer membrane is the outer most layer present in the cell wall of gram negative bacteria. It is a characteristics feature of Gram negative bacteria. As in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, […]
Found mainly in Gram negative organisms, Fimbriae or pili (singlular: pilus) are hair like filaments (tiny hollow projections) that extend from the cell membrane into the external environment. A pilus is composed of subunits of […]
Bacterial flagella are long, thin (about 20 nm), whip-like appendages that move the bacteria towards nutrients and other attractants. Flagella are free at one end and attached to the cell at the other end. Flagellum […]
Bacterial spores are highly resistant, dormant structures (i.e. no metabolic activity) formed in response to adverse environmental conditions. They help in the survival of the organisms during adverse environmental conditions; they do not have a […]
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