Clostridium botulinum is gram-positive, endospore-forming bacilli which resemble a tennis racket appearance due to the presence of spores at the sub-terminal end. It produces an extremely lethal neurotoxin called botulinum toxin and causes botulism, a […]
Radiation is currently used for sterilization and decontamination in the medical supplies (surgical supplies, vaccines, and drugs) and food industries. Two types of radiations are available; ionizing and non-ionizing. Radiation sterilization is not widely used […]
Yersinia pestis is gram-negative rods responsible for highly fatal zoonotic disease, plague. Plague is one of the greatest killers known to mankind with at least three pandemics reported in history. It is transmitted to humans […]
Dark-field microscopy is a technique that can be used for the observation of living, unstained cells and microorganisms. In this microscopy, the specimen is brightly illuminated while the background is dark. It is one type […]
Bacillus anthracis, the most notorious pathogen of the genus Bacillus, is the causative agent of a serious zoonotic disease called anthrax. Anthrax is primarily a disease of wild and domestic herbivorous mammals. It is one […]
Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a major cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Other infections caused by Group B Streptococci include postpartum endometritis and bacteremia among pregnant women and pneumonia, endocarditis, skin […]
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular Gram-positive coccobacilli responsible for listeriosis, one of the serious food-borne infections. Other important distinguishing properties of this organism are as follows; It shows tumbling type of motility at 25°C […]
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that is able to adhere to, invade, and survive within mammalian cells, including macrophages. It is a food-borne pathogen responsible for listeriosis, one of the deadliest foodborne infections […]
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming rod. It produces at least 12 different toxins, which are broadly classified as “major toxins” and “minor toxins”. Certain strains also produce enterotoxin and neuraminidase. These toxins are responsible for […]
pH scale is used to express the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on which neutrality is pH 7. The pH scale extends from pH 0.0 to pH 14.0, and each pH unit represents a […]
Beta-lactam antibiotics are those that contain 4-member, nitrogen-containing, beta-lactam ring at the core of their structure. This ring mimics the shape of the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala peptide sequence that serves as the substrate for cell wall […]
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is defined as the lowest concentration (expressed as mg/L or μg/μL) of an antimicrobial agent that inhibits the visible in-vitro growth of microorganisms. The MIC test determines the antimicrobial activity of […]
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