Plasmids are extra-chromosomal genetic elements that replicate independently of the host chromosome. They are small, circular (some are linear), double-stranded DNA molecules (mostly) that exist in bacterial cells and in some eukaryotes. The sizes of […]
The autoclave is a sealed device (similar to a pressure cooker) that kills microorganisms using saturated steam under pressure. The use of moist heat facilitates the killing of all microorganisms, including heat-resistant endospores which is […]
Bacteriological analysis of water is one component of drinking water quality analysis. Water is screened for the presence of fecal contamination by testing for the presence of an indicator microorganism. Indicator microorganisms are ones that […]
Giemsa stain is a type of Romanowsky stain, named after Gustav Giemsa, a German chemist who created a dye solution. It was primarily designed for the demonstration of malarial parasites in blood smears, but it […]
Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth is a general-purpose liquid medium used for the cultivation and maintenance of a wide variety of fastidious and non-fastidious microorganisms, including aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, yeast and molds from a […]
Gram staining requires the use of different chemical reagents which can be purchased in ready to use forms from commercial suppliers or gram stain reagents can be prepared at the laboratory by mixing different chemicals […]
Bacteria are often preserved in microbiology laboratory for many purposes such as to re-examine or to characterize further or to send to a national reference laboratory for confirmation etc. Selection of a particular storage method […]
Selenite broth is used as an enrichment medium for the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella from stool, urine, water and food products. It is the most widely used enrichment medium to isolate Salmonella Typhi from […]
Staib medium also known as Bird Seed Agar is a selective and differential medium for isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from clinical specimens and differentiation of it from other Cryptococcus species. It is also known as […]
Bismuth Sulfite Agar (BS) is a selective as well as differential medium for isolation and presumptive identification of Salmonella spp especially Salmonella Typhi. Salmonella spp are the causative agent of various diseases like gastroenteritis, sepsis, enteric […]
Chromogenic Culture Media are culture medium used to isolate, identify, and differentiate specific microorganism from a heterogeneous population. The medium contains chromogenic substrate which is utilized by the microorganism to give colored colonies that is specific […]
The initial encounter of a naïve immune-competent lymphocyte with an antigen induces a primary immune response; a later contact of the host with the same antigen will induce a more rapid and heightened secondary immune […]
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