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Category: Immunology

link to IgM Antibodies: Structure, Properties, and Functions

IgM Antibodies: Structure, Properties, and Functions

Immunoglobulin M (IgM), the largest pentameric immunoglobulin, is a marker of recent primary infection for some diseases. IgM constitutes 5-10% of serum immunoglobulins in adults. IgM has a...

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link to Widal Test: Principle, Procedure, Results, Limitation

Widal Test: Principle, Procedure, Results, Limitation

Widal test is the most widely used diagnostic test for typhoid fever in developing countries. The Widal test has been in use for more than a century as an aid in the diagnosis of typhoid fever. The...

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link to Complement Fixation Test: Principle, Procedure, Results

Complement Fixation Test: Principle, Procedure, Results

The complement fixation test is one of the major traditional tests for the demonstration of the presence of specific antigens or antibodies. It requires a veritable zoo of reagents and numerous...

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link to Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE): Principle, Procedure, Uses

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE): Principle, Procedure, Uses

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) is a modification of the Ouchterlony method that speeds up the migration of an antigen and antibody by applying an electrical current. Principle of CIE Test...

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link to Agglutination Tests: Types, Principle, Uses

Agglutination Tests: Types, Principle, Uses

When the specific antibodies (agglutinins) bind to surface antigens of bacteria, virus, or any antigens immobilized in particulate matter (such as latex particle) and cause the formation of...

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link to Direct ELISA (Sandwich ELISA) Test for Antigen Detection

Direct ELISA (Sandwich ELISA) Test for Antigen Detection

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an extremely sensitive test to detect specific antibodies or antigens. Direct ELISA is a test for detecting antigens using specific immobilized...

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