Influenza virus has two ways to change — one slow and one fast. The slow change is called “drift” — the virus gradually accumulates individual mutations until its surface...
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After an epidemic, shouldn't everyone be immune to the virus? Why is influenza able to come back again and again? The answer lies in the virus’s genetic structure and high mutation rate....
Colony color or pigmentation is mostly exploited characteristics of bacteria which aids in the differentiation and identification of the isolates. Except when there is a growth of pigmented bacteria....
When you read about the structure of bacterial cells, you might have learned about flagella and the different types of flagellar arrangements found in gram-negative bacteria. Most Gram-positive...
The term peptidoglycan was derived from the peptides and the sugars (glycan) that make a molecule; it is also called 'murein' or 'mucopeptide.' This complex interwoven network of sugar polymer and...
Transposons are mobile genetic elements that are found in almost all organisms. Scientists believe that transposons make up more than 40% of the human genome. They are also referred to as ‘jumping...