How Bacillus cereus causes two kinds of food poisoning, why reheated rice is the classic source, how cereulide and the diarrheal enterotoxins work, and how it differs from B. anthr...
How Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin destroys muscle, why gas gangrene spreads so fast, the A–E toxin types, and how to read Nagler, target hemolysis, and stormy clot.
How tetanospasmin blocks glycine and GABA to cause spastic paralysis, why lockjaw comes first, and how to reason through tetanus diagnosis, wound management, and prevention.
How botulinum toxin blocks acetylcholine to cause flaccid paralysis, the three types of botulism, why infants must not eat honey, and how botulism is diagnosed and prevented.
How anthrax toxin (protective antigen, lethal factor, edema factor) causes disease, the four clinical forms of anthrax, and how B. anthracis is diagnosed, treated, and prevented.
The medically important Gram-positive bacilli, from Bacillus and Clostridium to Corynebacterium, Listeria, and the branching Actinomyces and Nocardia, with the disease each one cau...
How Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, how its toxins A and B damage the gut, and how the...
How the bacterial endospore survives heat, chemicals, and radiation that kill everything else, its structure layer by layer, how spores form and germinate, the spore-forming genera...
