Gram Positive Rods Archives • Page 3 of 3 • Microbe Online

The shape of a bacterium is determined by its rigid cell wall. Bacteria that lack a cell wall (Mycoplasma and L-forms) display a great diversity of unusual shapes. Bacteria having various shapes are said to be pleomorphic (heterogeneous shape or many-shaped). Bacteria are classified by shape into three primary groups: cocci, bacilli, and spiral-shaped. The cocci are round, the bacilli are rods, and the spiral-shaped bacteria are either rigid (spirilla) or flexible (spirochetes). These three primary bacteria shapes determine the bacteria's morphological characteristics. This is one of the most important criteria used in identifying organisms. Various Shapes of Bacteria Spherical or oval bacteria are called cocci (singular: bacillus)Rods are called bacilli (singular: bacillus)Very short rods that can sometimes almost be mistaken for cocci are called cocobacilli (singular: coccobacillus).Rod-shaped bacteria having tapered ends are called fusiform, whereas others are characteristically club-shaped and may be curved or comma-shaped (Vibrios) or bent.Spiral-shaped bacteria are called spirilla if the cells are rigid and spirochetes if they are more flexible and undulating. In addition to their characteristic shapes, the arrangement of bacteria is essential. For example, certain cocci occur in pairs (diplococci), some in chains (streptococci), and others in grapelike clusters (staphylococci). These arrangements are determined by the bacteria's orientation and degree of attachment at the time of cell division. The arrangement of rods and spirochetes is medically less important. Characteristics shapeExamplesCocci in clustersStaphylococcusCocci in chainsStreptococcusCocci in pairs with pointed endsStreptococcus pneumoniaeCocci in pairs with a kidney bean shapeNeisseriaRods (bacilli) with square endsBacillusRods with rounded endsSalmonellaClub-shaped rodsCorynebacterium diphtheriaeFusiformFusobacteriumComma shapedVibrioSpirochetes (relaxed coil)BorreliaSpirochetes (tightly coiled)Treponema Cocci Cocci appear in several characteristic arrangements such as diplococci (cocci in pairs), streptococci (cocci in chains), tetrads, staphylococci (cocci in grape-like clusters), and sarcinae. These arrangements are determined by whether the daughter cells stay together following division. Cocci can be found in pairs, chains, squares of four, cubes of eight, or grapelike clusters. Diplococci Diplococci arise when cocci divide and remain together to form pairs. Examples, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Diplococci and Streptococci (Image source: Ref-3) Streptococci Long chains of cocci (streptococci) result when cells adhere after repeated divisions in one plane; this pattern is seen in the genera Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, and Lactococcus. Staphylococci Staphylococci (grapes-like cluster) (Image source: Ref-3) Staphylococcus divides into random planes to generate irregular grapelike clumps. Divisions in two or three planes can produce symmetrical clusters of cocci. Examples, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, etc. Tetrad Tetrad (Image source: Ref-3) Members of the genus Micrococcus often divide into two planes to form square groups of four cells called tetrads. Sarcina Sarcinae (Image source: Ref-3) In the genus Sarcina, cocci divide into three planes producing cubical packets of eight cells. Name of the BacteriaCharacteristics ShapeStaphylococcusSpherical, Gram-positive cocci arranged in irregular, grape-like clusters.StreptococcusSpherical, Gram-positive cocci arranged in chains or pairsStreptococcus pneumoniaeGram-positive lancet-shaped cocci arranged in pairs (diplococci) or short chains.MerisopediaCocci arranged in a tetrad, formed by division into two planesSarcinae luteaCocci arranged in a sarcina, formed by a division in three planes. Neisseria meningitidis (meningococci)Gram-negative diplococci, lens-shaped or kidney-bean shaped.Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococci)Gram-negative diplococci, lens-shaped or kidney-bean shaped. Bacilli Single bacillus and Diplobacilli (Image source: Ref-3) These are not arranged in patterns as complex as cocci; most occur singly or in pairs (diplobacilli). But some species, such as Bacillus subtilis, form chains (streptobacilli); others, such as Beggiatoa and Saprospira species, form trichomes (which are similar to chains but have a much larger area of contact between the adjacent cells). Streptobacilli (Image source: Ref-3) Rod-shaped organisms may be regular in morphology, maybe somewhat shorter (i.e., “coccobacillary”), or may appear club- or dumbbell-shaped (“coryneform”). Cocobacillus (Image source: Ref-3) Comma-shaped cells generally define a basic characteristic of certain species (e.g.,Vibrio species). Name of the BacteriaCharacteristics ShapeBacillus anthracisLarge, Gram-positive rod with square ends, frequently found in chains.Clostridium tetaniGram-positive rod with characteristics “tennis racket shaped” or “drum stick appearance” due to presence of terminal spore.Clostridium perfringensLarge, Gram-positive, “boxcar” shaped bacilli.CorynebacteriaGram-positive rods are club-shaped and arranged in palisades or V or L-shaped formations, also called “Chinese-Letter” appearance.Bacillus megateriumGram-positive, streptobacilli (bacillus arranged in chains).Listeria monocytogenesSmall Gram-positive rods arranged in V or L-shaped formations similar to corynebacteria.Vibrio choleraeComma-shaped, curved, Gram-negative bacilliCampylobacterCurved Gram-negative rods that appear as comma or S-shapedHaemophilus influenzaeSmall, Gram-negative coccobacilliFusobacterium spp.These pleomorphic, long Gram-negative rods, often with tapered “pointy” ends. In some bacillus, the cells are lined side by side like matchsticks and at angles to one another. Such arrangement is called palisade arrangement and is found in Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Streptomyces species form long, branched, multinucleate filaments called hyphae, which collectively form a mycelium. Spiral-Shaped Bacteria Spiral bacteria have a variety of curved shapes. Bacteria with less than one complete twist or turn have a vibriod shape, whereas those with one or more complete turns have a helical shape. Spirilla are rigid helical bacteria, whereas spirochetes are highly flexible. Spirilla (singular: spirillum) are rigid, wavy-shaped curved bacteria, and spirochete is curved corkscrew-shaped bacteria. Spiral-shaped bacteria (Image source: Ref-3) Spirochetes (Treponema, Leptospira, and Borrelia): Thin-walled, flexible, spiral rods (Corkscrew shaped) seen only by darkfield microscope and generally not seen in a standard light microscope.Borrelia: They are corkscrew-shaped and are larger than the Treponema; they can be viewed under a light microscope with Giemsa or Wright stains. Pleomorphic Bacteria Some bacteria are variable in shape and are said to be pleomorphic (heterogeneous shape). Some common pleomorphic pathogenic bacteria are; Name of the bacteriaGram-staining characteristics Corynebacterium spp. Gram positive rods Haemophilus influenzae Gram-negative coccobacilli Francisella tularensis Gram-negative rod Bartonella henselae Gram-negative rod Cardiobacterium hominis Gram-negative rod Propionibacterium acnes Gram-negative rod Other unusual shapes of bacteria Some bacteria do not fit in any of the above-mentioned categories and have spindle or irregular, lobed shapes. Some of these bacterial shapes are; Bacillus arranged in a rosette attached by stalks to a substrate, for example, Caulobacter. Star-shaped bacteria, for example, Stella Square-shaped bacteria, for example, Haloarcula (a salt-loving member of the Archaea) Pear-shaped cells, e.g., Pasteuria Lobed spheres e.g., Sulfolobus Disks arranged like stacks of coins, e.g., Caryophanon Rods with helically sculptured surfaces, e.g., Seliberia References and further readings Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, Koneman, 5th editionReview of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Warren E. Levinson, 15th edition Microbiology: An Introduction. Gerald J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, and Christine L.Case. Pearson Education.