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Robert Koch (1843-1910) was a German physician, scientist, and the first person to prove that bacterium is the cause of animal disease. Robert Koch was born on December 11, 1843, at Clausthal in the...
Why does DNA virus replicate in the nucleus and RNA virus in cytoplasm?
DNA viruses are a type of virus that stores their genetic information in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Depending on the virus, this DNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded, linear or...
Moist Heat Sterilization: Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages
Of all the methods available for sterilization, moist heat in the form of saturated steam under pressure is the most widely used and the most dependable method. Moist heat has better penetrating...
Dry-Heat Sterilization: Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages
Dry heat sterilization requires a longer exposure time (1.5 to 3 hours) and higher temperatures than moist heat sterilization. Various methods of dry heat sterilization are hot air...
Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) acid-fast staining technique is used to stain Mycobacterium species, including M. tuberculosis, M. ulcerans, M. leprae, and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Detection of...
The lowest concentration at which the isolate is completely inhibited (as evidenced by the absence of visible bacterial growth) is recorded as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Minimum...