
Capsule Stain: Principle, Procedure, and Results
Capsule staining detects bacterial capsules — a key virulence factor. Learn the India ink and Anthony's methods, clinically important capsulated organisms, and the Quellung reactio...

Capsule staining detects bacterial capsules — a key virulence factor. Learn the India ink and Anthony's methods, clinically important capsulated organisms, and the Quellung reactio...

Simple staining uses a single basic dye to reveal bacterial cell morphology, size, and arrangement. Learn the methylene blue procedure, when simple staining is used over Gram stain...

Acridine orange is a fluorescent dye that detects bacteria in blood cultures, mycobacteria, fungi, and malaria parasites. Learn the principle, procedure, results interpretation, an...

Albert stain detects metachromatic (volutin) granules in Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a key presumptive identification test for diphtheria. Learn the two-reagent principle, step-by...

Endospore staining detects heat-resistant bacterial spores in Bacillus and Clostridium species. Learn the Schaeffer-Fulton method, Dorner's method, spore position interpretation, a...

Auramine-rhodamine is a WHO-recommended fluorochrome stain for detecting acid-fast bacilli, which is more sensitive than Ziehl-Neelsen and faster to screen. Learn the Truant method...

Master gram staining: step-by-step procedure, results interpretation, clinical significance of each gram stain pattern, organism-specific appearances, quality control, and troubles...
Flagella staining reveals the number and arrangement of bacterial flagella — key features for species identification. Learn the Ryu wet-mount method, flagellar arrangement types wi...

The hot ZN acid-fast staining method step by step, why mycolic acid holds carbol fuchsin against acid-alcohol, WHO smear grading from scanty to 3+, and what a negative smear does a...

A specimen-to-stain decision guide for the microbiology bench: which stain to use for TB, fungi, capsules, blood parasites, and more, with the principle behind each and links to fu...