Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA): Principle, Procedure, and Interpretation
How chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) works, how it differs from ELISA and RIA, and how to read the result, including the cutoff index and why CLIA is more sensitive.
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Immunoassays
You will get information about all the diagnostic tests that rely on the specific binding between an antigen and an antibody to detect or quantify a substance.
Blood Grouping (ABO and Rh): Forward vs Reverse Typing and How to Interpret
How ABO and Rh blood grouping works: forward (cell) versus reverse (serum) typing, why the two must agree, the Bombay phenotype trap, and how agglutination gives the result. Proced...
Pregnancy Tests: How hCG Detection Works
How pregnancy tests detect hCG: the inverted logic of agglutination inhibition where no clumping means pregnant, why modern kits target the hCG beta subunit, and what causes false...
C-reactive Protein (CRP) Test: Principle, Procedure, Interpretation, and Uses
CRP is a key hospital marker of inflammation. Learn how CRP is measured, how to read a result in mg/L, hs-CRP for heart risk, CRP versus ESR, and what a negative result does not ru...
Radioimmunoassay (RIA): The Competitive Principle (More Antigen, Less Signal)
How radioimmunoassay measures tiny amounts of antigen: labeled and unlabeled antigen compete for limited antibody, so the radioactive signal falls as the sample's antigen rises. Pr...
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) Test: Principle, Procedure, and Uses
How the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test uses two antibodies to detect antibodies in patient serum (and antigens in cells). Principle, procedure, syphilis example, and why...
Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) Test: Principle, Procedure, and Clinical Uses
How the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test detects antigen directly in a specimen using one labeled antibody. Principle, step-by-step procedure, apple-green result, and the key...
Antigen Detection Tests for Disease Diagnosis: Methods, Examples, and Clinical Uses
Antigen detection tests identify pathogen proteins directly in blood, urine, stool, or CSF before antibodies appear. Learn the methods (ELISA, RDT, immunofluorescence, latex agglut...
Coombs Test: Direct vs Indirect (DAT vs IAT), and How to Interpret Results
The Coombs (antiglobulin) test explained: why direct detects antibody already on the patient's red cells and indirect detects antibody in serum, what a positive DAT means (warm vs...
Serological Tests for Disease Diagnosis: A Complete Guide to Antibody Detection
Serological tests detect antibodies or antigens in patient serum to diagnose infections. This article covers interpretation principles, seroconversion, the 9 key infections diagnos...
Widal Test: How to Read Titers Against a Local Baseline (with Nepal Data)
Widal test: principle, slide and tube procedure, result interpretation, diagnostic titers by region, false positives, limitations, and comparison with newer typhoid diagnostic test...
Complement Fixation Test (CFT): Principle, Procedure, and Why No Hemolysis Is Positive
CFT explained clearly: the two-system principle, step-by-step procedure, and the key point students get wrong, why no hemolysis means a positive result.
Hemagglutination Inhibition Test: Principle, Procedure, Uses
How the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test measures antiviral antibodies: antibody blocks the virus from agglutinating red cells, so no clumping means a positive result. Princi...
Rose Bengal Test (RBT): How to Interpret It and When to Confirm
How to read and act on a Rose Bengal test for brucellosis: why the acidic pH matters, why a positive must be confirmed (especially in endemic areas), the prozone caveat, and where...
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