[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"$fxLN3MUwXCdr5RPjwZYIDpOj8CHyjOmngWTgoKXPtZbg":3,"$f8xa0KXqfRF_EDvIEug4Pr3L_86bESFoWhWvfV8VQgkk":32,"$f3Ft0rKFJHppdzE-vuveecxx1BUcg9iOlMLtyzf_MJDg":47},[4,8,12,16,20,24,28],{"title":5,"slug":6,"path":7},"About Microbeonline.com","about-microbeonline-com","\u002Fabout-microbeonline-com\u002F",{"title":9,"slug":10,"path":11},"About Me","about-me","\u002Fabout-microbeonline-com\u002Fabout-me\u002F",{"title":13,"slug":14,"path":15},"Advertise with Us","advertise-us","\u002Fadvertise-us\u002F",{"title":17,"slug":18,"path":19},"Privacy Policy","privacy-policy","\u002Fprivacy-policy\u002F",{"title":21,"slug":22,"path":23},"Abbreviations","abbreviations","\u002Fabbreviations\u002F",{"title":25,"slug":26,"path":27},"Microbes","microbes","\u002Fmicrobes\u002F",{"title":29,"slug":30,"path":31},"Books","recommended-books","\u002Frecommended-books\u002F",{"type":33,"data":34},"blog",{"slug":35,"title":36,"description":36,"seoTitle":37,"seoDescription":37,"author":38,"createdDate":39,"lastUpdatedDate":40,"draft":41,"category":42,"image":37,"body":43,"faq":44,"tags":45,"related":46},"viral-hemorrhagic-fever","Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHFs)",null,"Acharya Tankeshwar","2013-09-21","2025-12-29",false,"virology","Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) is a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. It is a severe multisystem syndrome. Some of these viruses cause mild illnesses, and many of these cause severe, life-threatening diseases. Many of these viruses are [Biosafety level four (BSL-4)](\u002Fprimary-bio-safety-levels-and-agents-of-disease\u002F) pathogens.\n\n![viral hemorrhagic fever](https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fblogs\u002FViral-hemorrhagic-fever.jpg)Figure: viral hemorrhagic fever\n\nThese viruses naturally reside in an animal reservoir host (rat, mouse, or other rodents) or arthropod vector. Humans get infections when they come in contact with infected animals either directly or via vectors such as ticks and mosquitoes. The vectors of Marburg and the [Ebola virus](\u002Flaboratory-diagnosis-ebola-virus-disease-evd\u002F) are not known yet.\n\n## Etiology\n\nVHFs are caused by viruses of four distinct families:\n\n1. **Arenaviridae**: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Lassa virus; (Arenavirus)\n2. **Filoviridae:** Marburg, Ebola\n3. **Bunyaviridae**: Orthobunyavirus, Hantavirus, Nairovirus, Phlebovirus\n4. **Flaviviridae**: Flavivirus e.g. Dengue, Japanese encephalitis virus, Yellow fever virus, Zika virus.\n\n## Common properties of viruses causing VHFs\n\n- Enveloped RNA viruses\n- Natural reservoir: animal or insect host not humans.\n- Humans are infected when they come into contact with infected hosts.\n- Geographical restriction\n- There is no cure or established drug treatment for VHFs with some exceptions.\n\n## Diseases caused by these viruses\n\n- Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)\n- Marburg hemorrhagic fever\n- Ebola hemorrhagic fever\n- Lassa fever\n- Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF)\n- Hendra virus disease\n- Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD)\n- Lujo hemorrhagic fever (LUHF)\n- Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF)\n- Rift Valley fever (RVF)\n- Chapare hemorrhagic fever (CHHF)\n\n## Prophylaxis\n\nVaccines are available for yellow fever and Argentine hemorrhagic fever that can protect against these diseases to some extent.\n\nPrevention of Viral Hemorrhagic Fever can be achieved by either control of rodents, protecting from the bite of vectors, or avoiding close contact with infected individuals\n\n**1. Avoiding contact with host species i.e.  rodents**\n\nBecause many of the hosts that carry hemorrhagic fever viruses are rodents, disease prevention efforts include:\n\n1. controlling rodent populations;\n2. discouraging rodents from entering or living in homes or workplaces;\n3. encouraging safe cleanup of rodent nests and droppings\n\n**2. For those hemorrhagic fever viruses  that are spread by arthropod vectors prevention efforts include:**\n\n1. Control of insect and arthropod vectors\n2. Use of insect repellants\n3. Wearing proper clothing which covers most of the body part\n4. Using bed nets, window screens, and other insect barriers to avoid being bitten by insects.\n\n3.**For those hemorrhagic fever viruses that can be transmitted from person to person prevention efforts include:**\n\n1. Avoiding close physical contact with infected people and their body fluids\n2. Infected individuals must be isolated and the nursing\u002Fphysician must wear protective clothing while caring or treating them.\n3. Proper use, disinfection, and disposal of instruments and equipment used in treating or caring for patients with viral hemorrhagic fever, such as needles and thermometers.\n\n**References**\n\n1. Fhogartaigh, C. N., & Aarons, E. (2015). Viral haemorrhagic fever. *Clinical medicine (London, England)*, *15*(1), 61–66. \u003Chttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.7861\u002Fclinmedicine.15-1-61>\n2. Pigott D. C. (2005). Hemorrhagic fever viruses. *Critical care clinics*, *21*(4), 765–vii. \u003Chttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ccc.2005.06.007>",[],[],[],[48,54,61,66,70,74,79,84,88,92],{"slug":49,"name":38,"description":50,"image":51,"body":52,"postCount":53},"acharya-tankeshwar","Editor-in-chief","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Ftankeshwar-acharya-author-microbeonline.jpg","***Tankeshwar Acharya, MSc (Medical Microbiology)***\n\n*Tankeshwar Acharya is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Microbiology at Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS), Nepal, where he has been teaching and practicing clinical microbiology for over 14 years. He is the founder of Microbe Online, one of the leading free microbiology education resources on the web, covering bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, and clinical laboratory diagnostics written from direct experience in both the classroom and the diagnostic laboratory.*",433,{"slug":55,"name":56,"description":57,"image":58,"body":59,"postCount":60},"ashma-shrestha","Ashma Shrestha","SEO Copywriter and Science Communicator\nKathmandu, Nepal","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fashma-shrestha.png","Ashma Shrestha holds a Master of Science in Medical Microbiology from the Institute of Science and Technology (IOST), Tribhuvan University, Nepal, where she developed a strong foundation in virology, molecular biology, and diagnostic microbiology.\n\nShe now works as an SEO Copywriter at Resolution Digital, where she combines her scientific training with research-driven content strategy. She is certified in Google Analytics and Google Business Profile (GBP), and brings a data-informed approach to science communication writing content that is not only accurate but structured to reach and serve the students who need it most.\n\nAt microbeonline, Ashma contributes articles primarily in virology and molecular biology, areas she finds most compelling for their mechanistic depth and their growing clinical relevance. Her writing reflects the same standard the site is built on: factual rigor, clear explanation of the *why* behind microbiology concepts, and content that helps students move from memorization to genuine understanding.\n\nShe is passionate about making complex microbiological concepts accessible without sacrificing accuracy; a skill that sits at the intersection of her scientific training and her professional work in content and SEO.",81,{"slug":62,"name":63,"description":64,"image":37,"body":37,"postCount":65},"sushmita-baniya","Sushmita Baniya","Author \u002F Contributor",32,{"slug":67,"name":68,"description":64,"image":37,"body":37,"postCount":69},"samikshya-acharya","Samikshya Acharya",20,{"slug":71,"name":72,"description":64,"image":37,"body":37,"postCount":73},"alisha-tripathi","Alisha Tripathi",6,{"slug":75,"name":76,"description":77,"image":37,"body":37,"postCount":78},"aastha-shrestha","Aastha Shrestha"," Author \u002F Contributor",10,{"slug":80,"name":81,"description":82,"image":37,"body":37,"postCount":83},"guest-author","Guest Author","Guest Author \u002F Contributor",2,{"slug":85,"name":86,"description":64,"image":37,"body":37,"postCount":87},"srijana-khanal","Srijana Khanal",18,{"slug":89,"name":90,"description":82,"image":37,"body":37,"postCount":91},"dr-poonam-acharya","Dr. Poonam Acharya",1,{"slug":93,"name":94,"description":64,"image":37,"body":95,"postCount":96},"nisha-rijal","Nisha Rijal","**Nisha Rijal** is a microbiologist and quality assurance specialist. She served for nearly 12 years as a microbiologist at the National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Nepal's national reference laboratory, and continues to work as a consultant microbiologist in international public health organization. ",51]