Last updated on August 27th, 2021Coombs test (antiglobulin test) is used to detect the presence of ‘incomplete’ Rh antibodies i.e. IgG antibodies capable of sensitizing RBCs but incapable of causing agglutination of RBCs (hemagglutination). The […]
Last updated on June 2nd, 2021Treponema pallidum Hemagglutination Assay (TPHA) is a treponemal test for the serologic diagnosis of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by spirochetes, Treponema pallidum. Based on the principle of passive […]
Last updated on June 21st, 2021Widal test was devised by Frank Widal in 1896. Widal originally described the test to diagnose Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B infection. Patients infected with S. enterica serotype Typhi and […]
Last updated on June 2nd, 2021The complement fixation test is one of the major traditional tests for the demonstration of the presence of specific antigens or antibodies. It requires a veritable zoo of reagents and […]
Last updated on June 6th, 2021The rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test is a macroscopic, nontreponemal flocculation card test used to screen for syphilis. Let’s first analyze the test name: Rapid: Its rapid test that can […]
Last updated on July 3rd, 2021Most people infected with group A streptococci produce anti-streptolysin O (ASO) antibodies. In infections caused by β-hemolytic streptococci, streptolysin-O is one of the two hemolytic exotoxins liberated from the bacteria […]
Last updated on July 9th, 2021The venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test is a nonspecific microflocculation test for the screening of syphilis. It uses antigen-containing cardiolipin, lecithin, and cholesterol and measures both IgG and IgM […]
Last updated on May 22nd, 2020 Hepatitis B serologic testing involves the measurement of hepatitis B virus (HBV) specific antigens and antibodies. Different serologic “markers” or combinations of markers are used to identify different phases […]
Last updated on June 23rd, 2021Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) is a modification of the Ouchterlony method that speeds up the migration of an antigen and antibody by applying an electrical current. Most bacterial antigens are negatively charged in a […]
Last updated on May 29th, 2021When the specific antibodies (agglutinins) bind to surface antigens of bacteria, virus, or any antigens immobilized in particulate matter (such as latex particle) and cause the formation of visible clumps, such […]
Last updated on June 9th, 2020 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is extremely sensitive test that is used to detect specific antibodies or antigens. The direct ELISA is a test for the detection of antigen using […]
Last updated on June 1st, 2021Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test is the most widely used type of immunoassay. ELISA is a rapid test used for detecting or quantifying antibodies (Ab) against viruses, bacteria, and other materials or […]
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