Coombs test (antiglobulin test) is used to detect the presence of ‘incomplete’ Rh antibodies i.e. IgG antibodies capable of sensitising RBCs but incapable of causing agglutination of RBCs (hemagglutination). Antiglobulin (Coombs) test was introduced by […]
Treponema pallidum Hemagglutination Assay (TPHA) is a treponemal test for the serologic diagnosis of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by a Spirochetes, Treponema pallidum. Based on the principle of passive haemagglutination, this test detects […]
Widal test is a milestone invention in medicine. This test was devised by Frank Widal in 1896. Widal originally described the test to diagnose Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B infection. Patients infected with S. enterica […]
The complement fixation test is one of the major traditional tests for the demonstration of presence of specific antigens or antibodies. It requires a veritable zoo of reagents and numerous preparatory steps. There are almost […]
The rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test is a macroscopic, nontreponemal flocculation card test used to screen for syphilis. Let’s first analyze the test name: Rapid: Its rapid test that can be done within few minutes. […]
The test principle, procedure, and interpretation presented here are based on Latex Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO) test. It is a rapid latex agglutination test for the qualitative and semi-quantitative determination of anti-streptolysin-O antibodies (ASO) in serum. […]
The venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test is a nonspecific flocculation test that is used for the screening of syphilis. VDRL test is easy to perform and inexpensive, so it is commonly used in the […]
Hepatitis B serologic testing involves the measurement of hepatitis B virus (HBV) specific antigens and antibodies. Different serologic “markers” or combinations of markers are used to identify different phases of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection […]
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) is a modification of Ouchterlony method that speeds up migration of an antigen and antibody by applying an electrical current. Most bacterial antigens are negatively charged in a slightly alkaline environment, whereas antibodies […]
When the specific antibodies (agglutinins) bind to surface antigens of bacteria/virus or any antigens immobilized in particulate matter (such as latex particle) and cause the formation of a visible clumps, such test is called agglutination test. […]
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is extremely sensitive test that is used to detect specific antibodies or antigens. The direct ELISA is a test for the detection of antigen using specific immobilized antibody. In this procedure, […]
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test is the most widely used type of immunoassay. ELISA is a rapid test used for detecting or quantifying antibody (Ab) against viruses, bacteria and other materials or antigen (Ag). ELISA is so named […]
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