Major virulence factors of H. pylori are flagella, urease enzyme, adhesins, VacA, CagA, OpiA, and DupA.
Patients swallow 14C-urea capsule. Test urea will be broken down, if infected, and a lot of 14CO2 produced which is detected in the breathe.
To diagnose H. pylori infections, urea breathe test, fecal antigen test and rapid urease test are most widely used.
