Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is defined as the lowest concentration (expressed as mg/L or μg/μL) of an antimicrobial agent that inhibits the visible in-vitro growth of microorganisms. The MIC test determines the antimicrobial activity of […]
Glycopeptide antibiotics act primarily by inhibiting cell wall synthesis of bacteria but functions differently from beta-lactam antibiotics. Vancomycin is the most important and commonly used glycopeptides, although teicoplanin is also available. Glycopeptides are active against […]
Antibiotics are the main therapeutic tools to treat various bacterial infections. But today, more and more antibiotics are becoming less effective. It is because of the antibiotic resistance developed by bacteria due to the use […]
Generally, when people (either general public or a physician or laboratory personnel) listen/read the term “antibiotic resistance” they may think, ‘a bacterium which was previously sensitive to a particular antibacterial agent has now developed resistance […]
World Health Organization (WHO) today published its first ever list of antibiotic-resistant “priority pathogens” – a catalogue of 12 families of bacteria that pose the greatest threat to human health. According to WHO, the list […]
McFarland turbidity standards are prepared by mixing various volumes of 1% sulfuric acid and 1% barium chloride to obtain solutions with specific optical densities. 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard provides an optical density comparable to the […]
The nitrocefin biochemical test is a sensitive technique for detecting beta-lactamase producing strains of N. gonorrhoeae, H. influenzae, Staphylococcus spp, Enterococcus spp and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Nitrocefin is the only reliable test for detecting beta-lactamase producing Enterococcus spp. […]
Epsilometer test (E- test ) is an ‘exponential gradient’ method of determination of antimicrobial resistance. The E-test has been developed to provide a direct quantification of antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms.This is a quantitative method that applies […]
Modified Hodge Test (MHT) is a simple phenotypic test for detection of presence of carbapenemase enzyme in bacteria. Positive MHT test is observed in Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), Metallo Beta lactamase (MBL) and the SME-1 […]
Stokes Disc Diffusion Technique varies from Kirby Bauer disc diffusion in the use of both control and test strain on a same plate. Stokes disc diffusion technique is not as highly standardized as the Kirby-Bauer technique […]
Cartridges containing commercially prepared antimicrobial discs specifically for susceptibility testing are generally packaged to ensure appropriate anhydrous conditions. Discs should be stored as follows: Refrigerate the containers at 8 °C or below, or freeze at -14°C or below, in […]
Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) is the best medium to use for routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for nonfastidious bacteria (both aerobe and facultative anaerobe). The use of media other than Mueller-Hinton agar may result […]
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