[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"$fxLN3MUwXCdr5RPjwZYIDpOj8CHyjOmngWTgoKXPtZbg":3,"$fWISuUq8p6m2lqm7iJVMVvLutOCgcy97CaP-3fU2Baeo":36,"$f3Ft0rKFJHppdzE-vuveecxx1BUcg9iOlMLtyzf_MJDg":44,"$fucxFBm2ZjZfGSdmdRaSNGBI_F0jJme4f0GTvzUhQfL8":110},[4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32],{"title":5,"slug":6,"path":7},"About Microbeonline.com","about-microbeonline-com","\u002Fabout-microbeonline-com\u002F",{"title":9,"slug":10,"path":11},"About Me","about-me","\u002Fabout-microbeonline-com\u002Fabout-me\u002F",{"title":13,"slug":14,"path":15},"Advertise with Us","advertise-us","\u002Fadvertise-us\u002F",{"title":17,"slug":18,"path":19},"Privacy Policy","privacy-policy","\u002Fprivacy-policy\u002F",{"title":21,"slug":22,"path":23},"Authors","authors","\u002Fauthors\u002F",{"title":25,"slug":26,"path":27},"Microbes","microbes","\u002Fmicrobes\u002F",{"title":29,"slug":30,"path":31},"Books","recommended-books","\u002Frecommended-books\u002F",{"title":33,"slug":34,"path":35},"Tags","tags","\u002Ftags\u002F",{"type":37,"data":38},"page",{"slug":18,"title":17,"description":39,"parent":40,"draft":41,"image":40,"body":42,"breadcrumbs":43},"Who we are. Our website address is: https:\u002F\u002Fmicrobeonline.com. What personal data we collect and why we collect it.",null,false,"**Last updated: June 2026**\n\n[Microbeonline.com](http:\u002F\u002FMicrobeonline.com) is an independent clinical microbiology education website operated by Tankeshwar Acharya, Lalitpur, Nepal. This policy explains what data is collected when you visit this site, who collects it, and what your rights are.\n\nWe do not sell your personal data. We do not build advertising profiles. The site exists to support microbiology education, and that is the only purpose data collection serves here.\n\n---\n\n## 1. Who This Policy Covers\n\nThis policy applies to all visitors to [microbeonline.com](http:\u002F\u002Fmicrobeonline.com), regardless of where you are located. If you are visiting from the European Economic Area (EEA), the United Kingdom, or any other region with data protection law, the same commitments apply to you.\n\n---\n\n## 2. What Data Is Collected and By Whom\n\n### 2.1 Google Analytics\n\nThis site uses **Google Analytics** to understand how visitors use the site — which articles are read, how long visitors stay, which countries they visit from, and what devices they use. This helps us improve content and prioritise topics that are most useful to readers.\n\nGoogle Analytics collects:\n\n- Pages visited and time spent on each page\n- General geographic location (country and city level)\n- Device type, browser, and operating system\n- Referral source (how you arrived at the site)\n\nGoogle Analytics does **not** collect your name, email address, or any directly identifying information. IP addresses are anonymised before storage.\n\nData collected by Google Analytics is processed by Google LLC under their own privacy policy, available at [policies.google.com\u002Fprivacy](https:\u002F\u002Fpolicies.google.com\u002Fprivacy). Google may transfer this data to servers outside your country.\n\nYou can opt out of Google Analytics tracking across all websites by installing the [Google Analytics Opt-out Browser Add-on](https:\u002F\u002Ftools.google.com\u002Fdlpage\u002Fgaoptout).\n\n### 2.2 Google AdSense\n\nThis site displays advertisements served by **Google AdSense**. Google uses cookies and similar technologies to serve ads based on your prior visits to this site and other sites on the internet.\n\nAdSense may collect:\n\n- Your IP address\n- Browser and device information\n- Browsing behaviour across websites that use Google advertising services\n\nGoogle's use of advertising cookies enables it and its partners to serve ads based on your visit to this site. You can opt out of personalised advertising by visiting [Google's Ad Settings](https:\u002F\u002Fadssettings.google.com\u002F) or by visiting [aboutads.info](http:\u002F\u002Faboutads.info).\n\nFull details of how Google uses data from advertising partners is available at [policies.google.com\u002Ftechnologies\u002Fpartner-sites](https:\u002F\u002Fpolicies.google.com\u002Ftechnologies\u002Fpartner-sites).\n\n### 2.3 Social Share Buttons and Embedded Content\n\nSome pages on this site include social sharing buttons or embedded content from third-party platforms (such as YouTube or Twitter\u002FX). These elements are served directly from those platforms and may collect data about you independently of Microbeonline, even if you do not click on them.\n\nWe do not control what data these third parties collect. Their respective privacy policies govern their data practices:\n\n- Twitter\u002FX: [twitter.com\u002Fprivacy](https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fprivacy)\n- YouTube\u002FGoogle: [policies.google.com\u002Fprivacy](https:\u002F\u002Fpolicies.google.com\u002Fprivacy)\n\nWhere possible, we use privacy-enhanced embed modes that limit data collection until you interact with embedded content.\n\n### 2.4 Contact Form\n\nIf you contact us through the site's contact form, we collect your name, email address, and the content of your message. This information is used only to respond to your enquiry and is not shared with third parties or used for any other purpose.\n\n---\n\n## 3. Cookies\n\nCookies are small text files stored in your browser. This site uses the following categories of cookies:\n\n**Strictly necessary cookies** — Set by the site itself to ensure basic functionality. These cannot be disabled.\n\n**Analytics cookies** — Set by Google Analytics to collect anonymised usage data as described in section 2.1 above.\n\n**Advertising cookies** — Set by Google AdSense to serve and measure advertisements as described in section 2.2 above.\n\n**Third-party cookies** — Set by social share buttons and embedded content as described in section 2.3 above.\n\nMost browsers allow you to control cookies through their settings. Disabling analytics and advertising cookies will not affect your ability to read any content on this site.\n\n---\n\n## 4. Comments\n\nThe site does not currently have an active comment system. If a comment facility is reintroduced in the future, this policy will be updated to explain what data is collected and how it is handled before that system goes live.\n\n---\n\n## 5. How Long Data Is Retained\n\nData collected by Google Analytics and Google AdSense is retained according to Google's own data retention policies, which you can review at [support.google.com\u002Fanalytics\u002Fanswer\u002F7667196](https:\u002F\u002Fsupport.google.com\u002Fanalytics\u002Fanswer\u002F7667196).\n\nMessages sent through the contact form are retained only as long as necessary to address your enquiry and are then deleted.\n\n---\n\n## 6. Your Rights\n\nDepending on where you are located, you may have the following rights regarding your personal data:\n\n- The right to access the personal data held about you\n- The right to request correction of inaccurate data\n- The right to request deletion of your data\n- The right to object to or restrict certain processing\n- The right to withdraw consent at any time where processing is based on consent\n\nFor data processed by Google (Analytics and AdSense), requests should be directed to Google directly via their privacy tools at [myaccount.google.com](http:\u002F\u002Fmyaccount.google.com).\n\nFor any data held directly by Microbeonline (contact form messages), requests can be sent to us through the contact form. We will respond within 30 days.\n\n---\n\n## 7. Children's Privacy\n\nThis site is an educational resource intended for students and professionals in higher education and healthcare. It is not directed at children under the age of 13. We do not knowingly collect personal data from children.\n\n---\n\n## 8. Links to Other Websites\n\nArticles on this site may link to external websites, including journal publishers, institutional pages, and reference sources. Once you leave [microbeonline.com](http:\u002F\u002Fmicrobeonline.com), this privacy policy no longer applies. We are not responsible for the privacy practices of external sites.\n\n---\n\n## 9. Changes to This Policy\n\nThis policy will be updated if the site's data practices change materially, including if a comment system is reintroduced, a newsletter is launched, or new third-party services are embedded. The \"Last updated\" date at the top of this page will reflect the most recent revision. Continued use of the site after a policy update constitutes acceptance of the revised terms.\n\n---\n\n## 10. Contact\n\nIf you have a question about this privacy policy or how your data is handled, please use the contact form on this site.\n\n[Microbeonline.com](http:\u002F\u002FMicrobeonline.com) is operated by Tankeshwar Acharya, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal.",[],[45,52,59,66,72,77,83,88,94,97,104],{"slug":46,"name":47,"description":48,"image":49,"body":50,"postCount":51},"acharya-tankeshwar","Acharya Tankeshwar","Editor-in-chief","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Ftankeshwar-acharya-author-microbeonline.jpg","***Tankeshwar Acharya, MSc (Medical Microbiology)***\n\n*Tankeshwar Acharya is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Microbiology at Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS), Nepal, where he has been teaching and practicing clinical microbiology for over 14 years. He is the founder of Microbe Online, one of the leading free microbiology education resources on the web, covering bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, and clinical laboratory diagnostics written from direct experience in both the classroom and the diagnostic laboratory.*",491,{"slug":53,"name":54,"description":55,"image":56,"body":57,"postCount":58},"ashma-shrestha","Ashma Shrestha","SEO Copywriter and Science Communicator\nKathmandu, Nepal","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fashma-shrestha.png","Ashma Shrestha holds a Master of Science in Medical Microbiology from the Institute of Science and Technology (IOST), Tribhuvan University, Nepal, where she developed a strong foundation in virology, molecular biology, and diagnostic microbiology.\n\nShe now works as an SEO Copywriter at Resolution Digital, where she combines her scientific training with research-driven content strategy. She is certified in Google Analytics and Google Business Profile (GBP), and brings a data-informed approach to science communication writing content that is not only accurate but structured to reach and serve the students who need it most.\n\nAt microbeonline, Ashma contributes articles primarily in virology and molecular biology, areas she finds most compelling for their mechanistic depth and their growing clinical relevance. Her writing reflects the same standard the site is built on: factual rigor, clear explanation of the *why* behind microbiology concepts, and content that helps students move from memorization to genuine understanding.\n\nShe is passionate about making complex microbiological concepts accessible without sacrificing accuracy; a skill that sits at the intersection of her scientific training and her professional work in content and SEO.",79,{"slug":60,"name":61,"description":62,"image":63,"body":64,"postCount":65},"sushmita-baniya","Sushmita Baniya","Author \u002F Contributor","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fsushmita-baniya-1.png","Sushmita Baniya holds an M.Sc. in Medical Microbiology from Tribhuvan University (National College), with a research focus in Genetics and Molecular Biology. She is actively involved in teaching and research in the field of microbiology.",26,{"slug":67,"name":68,"description":62,"image":69,"body":70,"postCount":71},"samikshya-acharya","Samikshya Acharya","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fsamikshya-acharya.jpeg","Samikshya Sharma completed her postgraduate studies in Medical Microbiology at the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. She contributes to Microbeonline with the goal of making foundational and clinical microbiology concepts clear and useful for students in medical, laboratory science, and allied health programs.",20,{"slug":73,"name":74,"description":62,"image":40,"body":75,"postCount":76},"alisha-tripathi","Alisha Tripathi","Alisha Tripathi holds an M.Sc. in Medical Microbiology from National College, Tribhuvan University. With over a year of teaching experience, her academic interests span Molecular Biology, Immunology, and Genetics.",6,{"slug":78,"name":79,"description":80,"image":40,"body":81,"postCount":82},"aastha-shrestha","Aastha Shrestha"," Author \u002F Contributor","Aastha Shrestha is a Biotechnology graduate with an M.Sc. from National College, Tribhuvan University. Her academic interests center on Molecular Biology and Immunology; two fields that are increasingly converging in modern diagnostic and clinical microbiology. \n\nShe contributes to Microbeonline with the goal of making complex concepts in these areas approachable and exam-relevant for students across medical, biotechnology, and laboratory science programs.",9,{"slug":84,"name":85,"description":86,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":87},"guest-author","Guest Author","Guest Author \u002F Contributor",1,{"slug":89,"name":90,"description":62,"image":91,"body":92,"postCount":93},"srijana-khanal","Srijana Khanal","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fsrijana-khanal-1.png","Srijana Khanal is a microbiology educator with nearly a decade of teaching experience, including her role as faculty in the Microbiology Department at National College, NIST. \n\nHer time in the classroom has given her a clear sense of where students struggle and what explanations actually work, a perspective that directly shapes how she writes.\n\nHer academic interests span Immunology, Genetics, Basic Sciences, and Research Methodology, and she brings the same rigor to her writing that she brought to teaching. Alongside academic writing, she has a passion for creative writing -- an instinct that shows in her ability to make dense scientific material readable without sacrificing accuracy.\n\nShe contributes to Microbeonline to extend her teaching reach beyond the classroom, helping medical and laboratory science students across the region build a stronger foundation in microbiology.",15,{"slug":95,"name":96,"description":86,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":87},"dr-poonam-acharya","Dr. Poonam Acharya",{"slug":98,"name":99,"description":100,"image":101,"body":102,"postCount":103},"nisha-rijal","Nisha Rijal","Microbiologist and AMR Specialist Kathmandu, Nepal","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fnisha-rijal-1.png","Nisha Rijal is a microbiologist with nearly 15 years of frontline diagnostic and surveillance experience at the National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), national reference laboratory under the Department of Health Services, Nepal. She currently works as an AMR Support Officer at the World Health Organization (WHO), Nepal, where her work focuses on strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems and translating AMR data into actionable public health response.\n\nHer research, published in peer-reviewed journals and cited over 220 times, spans some of the most clinically significant infectious disease challenges in Nepal and South Asia: antimicrobial resistance trends in *Vibrio cholerae* across an 11-year national surveillance dataset, sero-epidemiology of scrub typhus in patients with acute febrile illness, lower respiratory tract infections in HIV-positive patients, and gonococcal resistance surveillance. She was a contributor to Nepal's National Antimicrobial Resistance Containment Action Plan, a foundational policy document for AMR governance in Nepal. You can find list of [Nisha Rijal's article here in Google Scholar.](https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fcitations?user=N-Ruq54AAAAJ&hl=en)\n\nThis depth of experience is visible in her writing at Microbeonline. Her 53 published articles cover bacteriology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, and laboratory techniques, and are consistently among the most detailed and clinically grounded content on the site. She brings to every article the same standard that national reference laboratory work demands: methodological precision, awareness of real diagnostic constraints, and an understanding of what results actually mean for patient care in resource-limited settings.\n\nHer areas of particular expertise include antimicrobial susceptibility testing and resistance mechanism detection, quality assurance in clinical microbiology, and laboratory-based infectious disease surveillance.\n\n---\n\n*Nisha Rijal contributes to Microbeonline in a personal capacity. Her views and writing do not represent the positions of the World Health Organization or any other institution.*",55,{"slug":105,"name":106,"description":107,"image":108,"body":109,"postCount":87},"padma-shrestha","Padma Shrestha","Author","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fpadma-shrestha.png","Padma Shrestha is from Kathmandu, Nepal. She has completed Masters degree in Medical microbiology from Tribhuvan University. She has great interest in Microbiology and Molecular Biology.",[111,118,124,129,134,139,143,147,151,156,160,165,169,174,179,184,188,192,197,202,206,210,214,218,222,226,230,234,239,244,248,252,256,261,265,269,273,277,281,285,289,293,297,301,305,309,313,317,322,326,330,334,338,342,346,350,354,358,362,366,370,374,378,382,386,390,394,398,401,405,408,411,414,417,420,423,426,429,432,435,438,441,444],{"slug":112,"name":113,"description":114,"image":115,"body":116,"postCount":117},"gram-negative-cocci","Gram-Negative Cocci and Coccobacilli","Neisseria, Moraxella, Haemophilus and related gram-negative coccal organisms","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Ftags\u002Fgram-negative-cocci.png","# Gram Negative Cocci\n\nNeisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitides, Moraxella catarrhalis, and other Neisseria spp. are clinically relevant gram-negative cocci.\n\nN. gonorrhoeae is the leading cause of sexually transmitted disease whereas N. meningitides is a leading cause of fatal bacterial meningitis.",14,{"slug":119,"name":120,"description":121,"image":40,"body":122,"postCount":123},"microscopy","Microscopy","Microscope types, components, and microscopy techniques","These are list of blog posts related to microscopy. ",12,{"slug":125,"name":126,"description":127,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":128},"gram-positive-cocci","Gram-Positive Cocci","Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Micrococcus — organisms, diseases, and identification tests",11,{"slug":130,"name":131,"description":132,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":133},"gram-negative-rods","Gram-Negative Rods (Other than Enterobacteriaceae)","\u003Cp>Gram negative rods other than members of Enterobacteriaceae family such as  Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and related organisms\u003C\u002Fp>",5,{"slug":135,"name":136,"description":137,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":138},"gram-positive-rods","Gram-Positive Rods","Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, Corynebacterium, Actinomyces and related organisms",8,{"slug":140,"name":141,"description":142,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":123},"mycobacteria","Mycobacteria","Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leprosy, atypical mycobacteria, and acid-fast organism diagnosis",{"slug":144,"name":145,"description":146,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":123},"anaerobic-bacteriology","Anaerobic Bacteriology","Anaerobic organisms, anaerobic culture methods, and anaerobic infection diagnosis",{"slug":148,"name":149,"description":150,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":123},"enterobacteriaceae","Enterobacteriaceae","Identification, differentiation, and clinical significance of Enterobacteriaceae family members",{"slug":152,"name":153,"description":154,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":155},"spirochetes","Spirochetes","Treponema, Leptospira, Borrelia and spirochetal infections",7,{"slug":157,"name":158,"description":159,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":117},"food-microbiology","Food Microbiology","Food-borne pathogens, food safety, spoilage, and preservation",{"slug":161,"name":162,"description":163,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":164},"antimicrobial-susceptibility-testing","Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","Methods for testing antibiotic susceptibility in clinical microbiology",22,{"slug":166,"name":167,"description":168,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":117},"antimicrobials-moa-amr","Antimicrobials (MOA & AMR)","Mechanisms, detection, and clinical significance of antimicrobial resistance",{"slug":170,"name":171,"description":172,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":173},"sterilization-disinfection","Sterilization and Disinfection","Methods of sterilization and disinfection in healthcare and laboratory settings",10,{"slug":175,"name":176,"description":177,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":178},"specimen-collection-transport","Specimen Collection and Transport","Collection, handling, and transport of clinical specimens for microbiological testing",27,{"slug":180,"name":181,"description":182,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":183},"bacterial-structure-physiology","Bacterial Structure and Physiology","Bacterial cell structure, growth, physiology, and environmental factors affecting growth",21,{"slug":185,"name":186,"description":40,"image":40,"body":187,"postCount":76},"horizontal-gene-transfer","Horizontal Gene Transfer","Articles related to **Horizontal Gene Transfer**",{"slug":189,"name":190,"description":40,"image":40,"body":191,"postCount":173},"chromatography","Chromatography","Information about chromatographic techniques.",{"slug":193,"name":194,"description":195,"image":40,"body":196,"postCount":155},"electrophoresis","Electrophoresis","Information about Electrophoresis Techniques ","Detailed information  about Electrophoresis Techniques ",{"slug":198,"name":199,"description":200,"image":40,"body":201,"postCount":76},"pcr-techniques","PCR Techniques","Information about various types of Polymerase Chain Reaction Techniques ","More detailed information about various types of Polymerase Chain Reaction Techniques ",{"slug":203,"name":204,"description":205,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":76},"bacteriophage","Bacteriophage","Description about Bacteriophage.",{"slug":207,"name":208,"description":209,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":76},"malaria","Malaria","It is the collections of articles regarding malarial disease. ",{"slug":211,"name":212,"description":213,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":76},"anaerobic-culture-techniques","Anaerobic Culture Techniques","Posts related with Anaerobic Culture Techniques.",{"slug":215,"name":216,"description":217,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":183},"immunoassays","Immunoassays","You will get information about all the diagnostic tests that rely on the specific binding between an antigen and an antibody to detect or quantify a substance.",{"slug":219,"name":220,"description":221,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":155},"biosafety-levels","Biosafety levels ","Articles related to Biosafety Levels",{"slug":223,"name":224,"description":225,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":133},"environmental-factors","Environmental Factors ","In this case we are talking about growth requirements of microorganisms with deep dive in environmental factors that affect the growth. ",{"slug":227,"name":228,"description":229,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":76},"pipette","Pipette","Posts related with Pipette. ",{"slug":231,"name":232,"description":233,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":155},"bacteriology-mcqs","Bacteriology MCQs","This sections lists MCQs in Bacteriology.",{"slug":235,"name":236,"description":237,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":238},"parasitology-mcqs","Parasitology MCQs","This section lists MCQs in Parasitology.",2,{"slug":240,"name":241,"description":242,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":243},"virology-mcqs","Virology MCQs","This is the collections of Multiple Choice Questions in Virology.",4,{"slug":245,"name":246,"description":247,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":133},"mcqs-in-microbiology","MCQs in Microbiology","This section lists the collections of Multiple Choice Questions in General Microbiology Topics. ",{"slug":249,"name":250,"description":251,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":155},"immunology-mcqs","Immunology MCQs","In this section; we are posting collections of Multiple Choice Questions about Immunology. ",{"slug":253,"name":254,"description":255,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":173},"microbial-curiosities","Microbial Curiosities","In this clusters, we are posting interesting and unique information about Microorganisms. ",{"slug":257,"name":258,"description":259,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":260},"bacterial-culture-media","Bacterial Culture Media","Posts related to Bacterial Culture Media. ",23,{"slug":262,"name":263,"description":264,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":76},"fungal-culture-media","Fungal Culture Media","Posts related to Fungal Culture Media.",{"slug":266,"name":267,"description":268,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":133},"motility-test","Motility Test","This lists the procedure regarding various tests methods for bacterial motility.",{"slug":270,"name":271,"description":272,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":173},"bacterial-enumeration","Bacterial enumeration","These posts are related to isolation and enumeration of bacteria. ",{"slug":274,"name":275,"description":276,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":238},"gram-positive-coccobacillus","Gram-positive coccobacillus","List of Gram Positive Coccobacilli",{"slug":278,"name":279,"description":280,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":243},"dimorphic-fungi","Dimorphic Fungi","This is about various dimorphic fungi. ",{"slug":282,"name":283,"description":284,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":155},"bacterial-classification","Bacterial Classification","These posts are related with various approaches used for the classification of Bacteria. ",{"slug":286,"name":287,"description":288,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":133},"immunofluorescence","Immunofluorescence ","Various Tests related to Immunofluorescence ",{"slug":290,"name":291,"description":292,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":82},"antibody-mediated-immunity","Antibody-mediated Immunity","This clusters links the articles that are sharing insights about Antibody-mediated immunity. ",{"slug":294,"name":295,"description":296,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":155},"hypersensitivity","Hypersensitivity","Articles related to Hypersensitivity.",{"slug":298,"name":299,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":300},"haemophilus","Haemophilus",3,{"slug":302,"name":303,"description":304,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":243},"sexually-transmitted-infections-stis","Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)","This is the clusters of infections that are transmitted sexually. ",{"slug":306,"name":307,"description":308,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":123},"adaptive-immunity","Adaptive Immunity","Blog posts related to B Cell Immunity and T Cell Immunity.",{"slug":310,"name":311,"description":312,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":117},"fungal-diagnostics","Fungal Diagnostics","Various methods used for the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections. ",{"slug":314,"name":315,"description":316,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":133},"laboratory-storage-and-preservation","Laboratory Storage and Preservation","Articles about Laboratory Storage of Antimicrobial Disk, Test organisms and Equipment used for this process. ",{"slug":318,"name":319,"description":320,"image":40,"body":321,"postCount":76},"laboratory-heating-equipment","Laboratory Heating Equipment","A guide to laboratory heating equipment, including hot plates, water baths, Bunsen burners, incubators, and dry baths, and how to choose the right one for each task.","Laboratory heating equipment covers the instruments that warm, melt, incubate, or sterilize samples and media in a microbiology laboratory. Each one delivers heat differently. \n\nA hot plate gives high, direct, dry heat; a water bath gives gentle, even, wet heat up to about 100°C; a Bunsen burner gives an open flame for rapid, very high heat; an incubator holds cultures at a steady temperature over hours or days; and a dry bath heats small tubes without water. Choosing the right one depends on the temperature you need, how precise it must be, and whether the sample can tolerate direct or open-flame heat.\n\nThe articles below cover each piece of heating equipment in detail, including its parts, working principle, uses, and the mistakes that most often go wrong at the bench.",{"slug":323,"name":324,"description":325,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":82},"laboratory-glassware","Laboratory Glassware","Posts about Laboratory Glassware. ",{"slug":327,"name":328,"description":329,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":82},"helminths","Helminths","In this section, we are covering properties, life cycle, pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Helminths\u002FHelminthic infestations. ",{"slug":331,"name":332,"description":333,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":138},"protozoan-parasite","Protozoan Parasite","In this cluster, we are covering protozoan parasites. ",{"slug":335,"name":336,"description":337,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":87},"tests-for-gram-positive-cocci","Biochemical Tests for Gram Positive Cocci","This is the lists of Biochemical Tests that are used for Gram Positive Cocci. ",{"slug":339,"name":340,"description":341,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":173},"bacterial-staining-technique","Bacterial Staining Technique","Lists of various staining techniques that are used to stain bacteria. ",{"slug":343,"name":344,"description":345,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":183},"enzyme-tests","Enzyme Tests","\u003Cp>Various Biochemical Test that are based on enzymatic activity of the microorganisms. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":347,"name":348,"description":349,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":128},"carbohydrate-utilization","Carbohydrate Utilization","\u003Cp>Various biochemical tests which are related to Carbohydrate fermentation or Utilization\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":351,"name":352,"description":353,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":133},"susceptibility-based-id","Susceptibility-based ID","\u003Cp>These are susceptibility based identification test such as optochin sensitivity, bacitracin sensitivity etc. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":355,"name":356,"description":357,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":243},"microbial-metabolism","Microbial Metabolism","\u003Cp>Tests about Microbial Metabolism. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":359,"name":360,"description":361,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":138},"substrate-utilization","Substrate Utilization","\u003Cp>The test in which a non-sugar carbon\u002Fnitrogen source is used or degraded (citrate, malonate, decarboxylases, indole, PAD).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":363,"name":364,"description":365,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":300},"atypical-pneumonia","Atypical Pneumonia","\u003Cp>Organisms responsible for Atypical Pneumonia. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":367,"name":368,"description":369,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":133},"antigen","Antigen","\u003Cp>Various articles related to Antigens.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":371,"name":372,"description":373,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":155},"innate-immunity","Innate Immunity","\u003Cp>Articles related to Innate Immunity. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":375,"name":376,"description":377,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":243},"respiratory-tract-infection","Respiratory Tract Infection","\u003Cp>In this cluster, you can see various etiological agents that causes respiratory tract infection. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":379,"name":380,"description":381,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":133},"torch-infection","TORCH Infection","\u003Cp>In this section; you can find articles related with TOCH infection. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":383,"name":384,"description":385,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":138},"microbiology-for-beginners","Microbiology for Beginners","\u003Cp>These articles are very basic articles, which will share general concepts in Microbiology. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":387,"name":388,"description":389,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":76},"dna-replication","DNA Replication","\u003Cp>Articles related to DNA and Replication of DNA. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":391,"name":392,"description":393,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":155},"genetic-code","Genetic Code","\u003Cp>Articles related to Genetic Code.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":395,"name":396,"description":397,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":155},"molecular-technique","Molecular Technique","\u003Cp>Posts related to Molecular Techniques. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":399,"name":400,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":87},"colorimetric-assay","Colorimetric Assay ",{"slug":402,"name":403,"description":404,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":133},"pharmaceutical-microbiology","Pharmaceutical Microbiology","\u003Cp>Various articles related to Pharmaceutical Microbiology\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":406,"name":407,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":300},"blood-and-immune-cells","Blood and Immune Cells",{"slug":409,"name":410,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":133},"host-pathogen-interaction","Host Pathogen Interaction",{"slug":412,"name":413,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":243},"blood-culture","Blood Culture",{"slug":415,"name":416,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":243},"environmental-microbiology","Environmental microbiology ",{"slug":418,"name":419,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":155},"copromicroscopic-technique","Copromicroscopic Technique",{"slug":421,"name":422,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":300},"quality-control","Quality Control",{"slug":424,"name":425,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":155},"dermatophytes","Dermatophytes",{"slug":427,"name":428,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":300},"viral-hemorrhagic-fevers","Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers",{"slug":430,"name":431,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":243},"h2s-production","H2S Production",{"slug":433,"name":434,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":238},"water-quality-testing","Water Quality Testing",{"slug":436,"name":437,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":133},"virology-basics","Virology basics",{"slug":439,"name":440,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":243},"typing-methods","Typing Methods",{"slug":442,"name":443,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":300},"blotting-technique","Blotting Technique",{"slug":445,"name":446,"description":40,"image":40,"body":40,"postCount":243},"history-microbiology","History of Microbiology"]