[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"$fxLN3MUwXCdr5RPjwZYIDpOj8CHyjOmngWTgoKXPtZbg":3,"$fTtrtOdbS9anWRgspGJmHm96gfh8ofE_0D-9-MwWAdYA":36,"$f3Ft0rKFJHppdzE-vuveecxx1BUcg9iOlMLtyzf_MJDg":110,"$fucxFBm2ZjZfGSdmdRaSNGBI_F0jJme4f0GTvzUhQfL8":175},[4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32],{"title":5,"slug":6,"path":7},"About Microbeonline.com","about-microbeonline-com","\u002Fabout-microbeonline-com\u002F",{"title":9,"slug":10,"path":11},"About Me","about-me","\u002Fabout-microbeonline-com\u002Fabout-me\u002F",{"title":13,"slug":14,"path":15},"Advertise with Us","advertise-us","\u002Fadvertise-us\u002F",{"title":17,"slug":18,"path":19},"Privacy Policy","privacy-policy","\u002Fprivacy-policy\u002F",{"title":21,"slug":22,"path":23},"Authors","authors","\u002Fauthors\u002F",{"title":25,"slug":26,"path":27},"Microbes","microbes","\u002Fmicrobes\u002F",{"title":29,"slug":30,"path":31},"Books","recommended-books","\u002Frecommended-books\u002F",{"title":33,"slug":34,"path":35},"Tags","tags","\u002Ftags\u002F",{"type":37,"data":38},"blog",{"slug":39,"title":40,"description":41,"seoTitle":42,"seoDescription":42,"author":43,"createdDate":44,"lastUpdatedDate":45,"draft":46,"category":47,"image":42,"body":48,"faq":49,"commentsClosed":46,"tags":50,"related":52,"comments":106},"multiple-choice-questions-mcq-microbiologybacteriology","Bacteriology MCQs (1-10) With Answers and Explanations","\u003Cp>Ten bacteriology MCQs with answer key and explanations: Gram stain, coagulase test, streptococcal classification, UTI and diarrhea pathogens, ID50, and serologic diagnosis.\u003C\u002Fp>",null,"Acharya Tankeshwar","2012-02-26","2026-08-28",false,"mcqs","![](\u002Fblogs\u002FMCQs-Bacteriology.png)1\\. The identification of bacteria by serologic tests is based on the presence of specific antigens. Which of the following bacterial components is least likely to contain useful antigens?\\\na. Capsule\\\nb. Cell wall\\\nc. Flagella\\\nd. Ribosomes\n\n2\\. Each of the following statements concerning the Gram stain is correct except:\\\na. *Escherichia coli* stains pink because it has a thin peptidoglycan layer\\\nb. *Streptococcus pyogenes* stains blue because it has a thick peptidoglycan layer\\\nc *Mycoplasma pneumoniae* is not visible in the Gram’s stain because it does not have a cell wall\\\nd. *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* stain blue because it has a thick lipid layer\n\n3\\. An outbreak of sepsis caused by *Staphylococcus aureus* has occurred in the newborn nursery. You are called upon to investigate. According to your knowledge of the normal flora, what is the most likely source of the organism?\\\na. Nose\\\nb. Colon\\\nc. Hand\\\nd. Throat\n\n4\\. Each of the following organisms is an important cause of urinary tract infections except:\\\na. *Klebsiella pneumoniae*\\\nb. *Escherichia coli*\\\nc. *Bacteroides fragilis*\\\nd. *Proteus mirabilis*\n\n5\\. A 30-year woman has non-bloody diarrhea for the past 14 hours. Which one of the following organisms is least likely to cause this illness?\\\na. *Streptococcus pyogenes*\\\nb. *Clostridioides difficile*\\\nc. *Shigella dysenteriae*\\\nd. *Salmonella enteritidis*\n\n6\\. Each of the following agents is a recognized cause of diarrhea except\\\na. *Clostridium perfringens*\\\nb. *Vibrio cholerae*\\\nc. *Enterococcus faecalis*\\\nd. *Escherichia coli*\n\n7\\. Each of the following statements about the classification of streptococci is correct except \\\na. Pneumococci (*Streptococcus pneumoniae*) are alpha-hemolytic and can be serotyped on the basis of their polysaccharide capsule\\\nb. Enterococci are group D streptococci and can be classified by their ability to grow 6.5% sodium chloride\\\nc. Viridans streptococci are identified by Lancefield grouping, which is based on the C carbohydrate in the cell wall\\\nd. Although pneumococci and the viridans streptococci are alpha-hemolytic, they can be differentiated by the bile solubility test and their susceptibility to optochin\n\n8\\. Which of the following bacteria has the lowest 50% infective dose (ID50)?\\\na. *Campylobacter jejuni*\\\nb. *Salmonella typhi*\\\nc. *Vibrio cholerae*\\\nd. *Shigella sonnei*\n\n9\\. Which of the following disease is best diagnosed by serologic means?\\\na. Pulmonary tuberculosis\\\nb. Gonorrhea\\\nc. Actinomycosis\\\nd. Q Fever\n\n10\\. **The coagulase test is used to differentiate**\\\na. *Staphylococcus epidermidis* from *Neisseria meningitidis*\\\nb. *Staphylococcus aureus* from *Staphylococcus epidermidis*\\\nc. *Streptococcus pyogenes* from *Staphylococcus aureus*\\\nd. *Streptococcus pyogenes* from *Enterococcus faecalis*\n\n## **Answer Key**\n\n 1. d (Ribosomes)\n 2. d (*Mycobacterium tuberculosis* stains blue because it has a thick lipid layer)\n 3. a (Nose)\n 4. c (*Bacteroides fragilis*)\n 5. a (*Streptococcus pyogenes*)\n 6. c (*Enterococcus faecalis*)\n 7. c (Viridans streptococci are identified by Lancefield grouping)\n 8. d (*Shigella sonnei*)\n 9. d (Q fever)\n10. b (*Staphylococcus aureus* from *Staphylococcus epidermidis*)\n\n## Why these are the answers\n\n 1. **Ribosomes**. Serologic identification relies on surface structures the immune system and antisera can reach: the capsule (K antigen), the cell wall O antigen, and the flagella (H antigen) are all classic serotyping targets. Ribosomes sit inside the cell and are highly conserved across species, so they carry no useful species-level antigenic signal. The pattern to remember: serology reads the outside of the cell, not the inside.\n 2. **The false statement is that *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* stains blue because of a thick lipid layer.** In fact the lipid (mycolic acid) layer is exactly why *M. tuberculosis* resists the Gram stain and does not stain reliably at all; it needs the acid-fast (Ziehl-Neelsen) stain instead. Options a, b, and c are all true: *E. coli* is gram-negative (thin peptidoglycan, stains pink), *S. pyogenes* is gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan, stains purple), and *Mycoplasma* has no cell wall so it cannot be seen on Gram stain at all. The trap is that \"thick lipid layer\" sounds like a real explanation; it is the reason for non-staining, not for blue staining.\n 3. **Nose.** This question asks for the reservoir in the normal flora, and the anterior nares are the primary carriage site for *S. aureus*: roughly 30% of healthy people carry it there. The clinically important subtlety, and why \"Hand\" is such a tempting distractor: in a nursery outbreak the organism usually reaches the newborns on the hands of staff, but those hands are contaminated from the carrier's own nose. The nose is the source (reservoir); the hand is the vehicle (transmission route). The question wording, \"according to your knowledge of the normal flora,\" points at the reservoir.\n 4. ***Bacteroides fragilis*.** The question asks which is NOT an important cause of UTI. *E. coli*, *Klebsiella pneumoniae*, and *Proteus mirabilis* are all leading uropathogens; *Proteus* especially, because its urease raises urine pH and forms struvite stones. *Bacteroides fragilis* is a strict anaerobe of the gut and rarely causes UTI, because urine and the urinary tract are not an anaerobic environment. Remember: UTIs are overwhelmingly aerobic and facultative gram-negative rods; a strict anaerobe in the list is almost always the odd one out.\n 5. ***Streptococcus pyogenes*.** The question asks which is LEAST likely to cause non-bloody diarrhea. *Clostridioides difficile*, *Shigella dysenteriae*, and *Salmonella* Enteritidis are all enteric pathogens that cause diarrhea. *S. pyogenes* is a throat and skin pathogen (pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo); it is not an enteric pathogen and does not cause gastroenteritis. The clue is anatomical: three of the four live in or attack the gut, one does not.\n 6. ***Enterococcus faecalis*.** The question asks which is NOT a recognized cause of diarrhea. *Clostridium perfringens* (toxin-mediated food poisoning), *Vibrio cholerae* (watery cholera), and diarrheagenic *E. coli* are all established causes. *Enterococcus faecalis* is a normal gut commensal and a cause of UTI, endocarditis, and wound infection, but it is not a recognized diarrheal pathogen.\n 7. **The false statement is that viridans streptococci are identified by Lancefield grouping**. Lancefield grouping is based on the C carbohydrate in the cell wall and applies to beta-hemolytic streptococci (groups A, B, and so on). Viridans streptococci are alpha-hemolytic and lack a groupable C carbohydrate, so they are not Lancefield-typed; they are identified physiologically and biochemically instead. The other three statements are correct, including the key practical pair in option d: pneumococci and viridans strep are both alpha-hemolytic but are separated by the bile solubility test and optochin susceptibility (pneumococci are bile-soluble and optochin-sensitive; viridans are neither).\n 8. ***Shigella sonnei*.** This asks for the lowest 50% infective dose. *Shigella* is famous for needing only a tiny inoculum, on the order of 10 to 100 organisms, because it survives stomach acid well and is highly efficient at invading the colonic mucosa. *Salmonella* Typhi, *Campylobacter jejuni*, and *Vibrio cholerae* all require far larger doses (typically thousands to millions) to establish infection. This low infective dose is exactly why *Shigella* spreads readily by person-to-person contact, unlike the food-and-water-dose-dependent spread of the others.\n 9. **Q fever.** *Coxiella burnetii*, the cause of Q fever, is diagnosed serologically because it is hazardous to culture (a biosafety risk) and does not grow on routine media. Pulmonary tuberculosis is diagnosed by smear, culture, and molecular tests; gonorrhea by culture or NAAT; actinomycosis by identifying sulfur granules and anaerobic culture. The rule of thumb: serology is the go-to when the organism is dangerous or impractical to culture, which fits *Coxiella* precisely.\n10. **The coagulase test separates *Staphylococcus aureus* from *Staphylococcus epidermidis***. Both are gram-positive cocci in clusters and both are catalase-positive, so they need a further test to tell apart: *S. aureus* is coagulase-positive (it clots plasma), while *S. epidermidis* and the other skin staphylococci are coagulase-negative. The other pairings are wrong because those organisms are already separated by simpler tests: staphylococci versus streptococci by catalase, and *Neisseria* is a gram-negative diplococcus, distinguishable on Gram stain alone.",[],[51],"bacteriology-mcqs",[53,61,69,76,83,92,99],{"slug":54,"title":55,"description":56,"seoTitle":42,"seoDescription":42,"author":43,"createdDate":57,"lastUpdatedDate":45,"draft":46,"category":47,"image":58,"faq":59,"tags":60},"mcqs-on-sexually-transmitted-infections-and-spiral-bacteria","Bacteriology MCQs (61-70): STIs, Syphilis Serology, and Spirochetes","\u003Cp>Ten clinical MCQs with explanations on sexually transmitted infections and spiral bacteria: gonorrhea, syphilis serology (RPR, VDRL, TP-PA), PID, chancre versus chancroid, and leptospirosis.\u003C\u002Fp>","2013-05-09","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fblogs\u002Fmcqs-in-sexually-transmitted-infections.jpg",[],[51],{"slug":62,"title":63,"description":64,"seoTitle":42,"seoDescription":42,"author":43,"createdDate":65,"lastUpdatedDate":45,"draft":46,"category":47,"image":66,"faq":67,"tags":68},"mcq-bacteriology-question-no-49-to-58","Bacteriology MCQs (51-60): Plague, Tularemia, Zoonoses and Bioterrorism Agents","\u003Cp>Ten MCQs with explanations on zoonotic and high-consequence bacteria: bioterrorism agents, plague diagnosis and prophylaxis,\u003Cem> Pasteurella\u003C\u002Fem> bites,\u003Cem> Yersinia enterocolitica\u003C\u002Fem>, tularemia, chancroid, and freshwater wound infections.\u003C\u002Fp>","2013-05-06","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fblogs\u002Fmcqs-bacteriology-49-to-58.png",[],[51],{"slug":70,"title":71,"description":72,"seoTitle":42,"seoDescription":42,"author":43,"createdDate":73,"lastUpdatedDate":45,"draft":46,"category":47,"image":42,"faq":74,"tags":75},"mcq-microbiology-bacteriology-bacterial-skin-infections","Bacteriology MCQs (41-50): Bacterial Skin and Eye Infections","\u003Cp>Ten MCQs with explanations on bacterial skin and eye infections: carbuncle, scalded skin syndrome, scarlet fever, impetigo, acne, burn and eye infections, trachoma, and gas gangrene.\u003C\u002Fp>","2012-06-08",[],[51],{"slug":77,"title":78,"description":79,"seoTitle":42,"seoDescription":42,"author":43,"createdDate":80,"lastUpdatedDate":45,"draft":46,"category":47,"image":42,"faq":81,"tags":82},"mcq-microbiology-bacterial-infections-and-diseases","Bacteriology MCQs (31-40): Diphtheria, Listeria, Mycoplasma, Haemophilus, Proteus and Pseudomonas","\u003Cp>Ten bacteriology MCQs with explanations, including why \u003Cem>Mycoplasma pneumoniae\u003C\u002Fem> cannot be cultured from sputum, plus diphtheria confirmation,\u003Cem> Listeria, Haemophilus\u003C\u002Fem> growth factors, and \u003Cem>Bordetella.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>","2012-05-27",[],[51],{"slug":84,"title":85,"description":86,"seoTitle":87,"seoDescription":88,"author":43,"createdDate":89,"lastUpdatedDate":45,"draft":46,"category":47,"image":42,"faq":90,"tags":91},"mcq-bacteriology-laboratory-diagnosis-of-bacterial-disease","Bacteriology MCQs (21-30): Lab Diagnosis of Bacterial Disease","\u003Cp>Ten bacteriology MCQs with explanations, including why \u003Cem>Mycoplasma pneumoniae\u003C\u002Fem> cannot be cultured from sputum, plus diphtheria confirmation, \u003Cem>Listeria, Haemophilus\u003C\u002Fem> growth factors, and \u003Cem>Bordetella.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>","Bacteriology Diagnosis MCQs With Answers: Questions 21–30","Practice bacteriology diagnosis questions 21-30 with answers and explanations covering specimen testing, culture findings, pathogens, and interpretation.","2012-05-11",[],[51],{"slug":93,"title":94,"description":95,"seoTitle":42,"seoDescription":42,"author":43,"createdDate":96,"lastUpdatedDate":45,"draft":46,"category":47,"image":42,"faq":97,"tags":98},"mcq-microbiology-infectious-disease-bacteriology","Bacteriology MCQs (11-20): Virulence, Resistance, and Toxin Mechanisms","\u003Cp>Ten mechanism-based bacteriology MCQs with explanations: mycobacterial phagosome survival, MRSA and \u003Cem>Pseudomonas\u003C\u002Fem> resistance, cholera and erythrogenic toxins, \u003Cem>Haemophilus \u003C\u002Fem>growth factors, and DNA gyrase.\u003C\u002Fp>","2012-04-14",[],[51],{"slug":100,"title":101,"description":101,"seoTitle":42,"seoDescription":42,"author":43,"createdDate":102,"lastUpdatedDate":103,"draft":46,"category":47,"image":42,"faq":104,"tags":105},"top-ten-most-important-mcqs-about-rickettsial-disease","Top Ten MCQs about Rickettsial Disease","2012-04-09","2026-08-07",[],[51],{"enabled":107,"threads":108,"total":109},true,[],0,[111,117,124,131,137,142,148,153,159,162,169],{"slug":112,"name":43,"description":113,"image":114,"body":115,"postCount":116},"acharya-tankeshwar","Editor-in-chief","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Ftankeshwar-acharya-author-microbeonline.jpg","***Tankeshwar Acharya, MSc (Medical Microbiology)***\n\n*Tankeshwar Acharya is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Microbiology at Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS), Nepal, where he has been teaching and practicing clinical microbiology for over 14 years. He is the founder of Microbe Online, one of the leading free microbiology education resources on the web, covering bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, and clinical laboratory diagnostics written from direct experience in both the classroom and the diagnostic laboratory.*",482,{"slug":118,"name":119,"description":120,"image":121,"body":122,"postCount":123},"ashma-shrestha","Ashma Shrestha","SEO Copywriter and Science Communicator\nKathmandu, Nepal","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fashma-shrestha.png","Ashma Shrestha holds a Master of Science in Medical Microbiology from the Institute of Science and Technology (IOST), Tribhuvan University, Nepal, where she developed a strong foundation in virology, molecular biology, and diagnostic microbiology.\n\nShe now works as an SEO Copywriter at Resolution Digital, where she combines her scientific training with research-driven content strategy. She is certified in Google Analytics and Google Business Profile (GBP), and brings a data-informed approach to science communication writing content that is not only accurate but structured to reach and serve the students who need it most.\n\nAt microbeonline, Ashma contributes articles primarily in virology and molecular biology, areas she finds most compelling for their mechanistic depth and their growing clinical relevance. Her writing reflects the same standard the site is built on: factual rigor, clear explanation of the *why* behind microbiology concepts, and content that helps students move from memorization to genuine understanding.\n\nShe is passionate about making complex microbiological concepts accessible without sacrificing accuracy; a skill that sits at the intersection of her scientific training and her professional work in content and SEO.",79,{"slug":125,"name":126,"description":127,"image":128,"body":129,"postCount":130},"sushmita-baniya","Sushmita Baniya","Author \u002F Contributor","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fsushmita-baniya-1.png","Sushmita Baniya holds an M.Sc. in Medical Microbiology from Tribhuvan University (National College), with a research focus in Genetics and Molecular Biology. She is actively involved in teaching and research in the field of microbiology.",26,{"slug":132,"name":133,"description":127,"image":134,"body":135,"postCount":136},"samikshya-acharya","Samikshya Acharya","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fsamikshya-acharya.jpeg","Samikshya Sharma completed her postgraduate studies in Medical Microbiology at the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. She contributes to Microbeonline with the goal of making foundational and clinical microbiology concepts clear and useful for students in medical, laboratory science, and allied health programs.",20,{"slug":138,"name":139,"description":127,"image":42,"body":140,"postCount":141},"alisha-tripathi","Alisha Tripathi","Alisha Tripathi holds an M.Sc. in Medical Microbiology from National College, Tribhuvan University. With over a year of teaching experience, her academic interests span Molecular Biology, Immunology, and Genetics.",6,{"slug":143,"name":144,"description":145,"image":42,"body":146,"postCount":147},"aastha-shrestha","Aastha Shrestha"," Author \u002F Contributor","Aastha Shrestha is a Biotechnology graduate with an M.Sc. from National College, Tribhuvan University. Her academic interests center on Molecular Biology and Immunology; two fields that are increasingly converging in modern diagnostic and clinical microbiology. \n\nShe contributes to Microbeonline with the goal of making complex concepts in these areas approachable and exam-relevant for students across medical, biotechnology, and laboratory science programs.",9,{"slug":149,"name":150,"description":151,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":152},"guest-author","Guest Author","Guest Author \u002F Contributor",1,{"slug":154,"name":155,"description":127,"image":156,"body":157,"postCount":158},"srijana-khanal","Srijana Khanal","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fsrijana-khanal-1.png","Srijana Khanal is a microbiology educator with nearly a decade of teaching experience, including her role as faculty in the Microbiology Department at National College, NIST. \n\nHer time in the classroom has given her a clear sense of where students struggle and what explanations actually work, a perspective that directly shapes how she writes.\n\nHer academic interests span Immunology, Genetics, Basic Sciences, and Research Methodology, and she brings the same rigor to her writing that she brought to teaching. Alongside academic writing, she has a passion for creative writing -- an instinct that shows in her ability to make dense scientific material readable without sacrificing accuracy.\n\nShe contributes to Microbeonline to extend her teaching reach beyond the classroom, helping medical and laboratory science students across the region build a stronger foundation in microbiology.",15,{"slug":160,"name":161,"description":151,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":152},"dr-poonam-acharya","Dr. Poonam Acharya",{"slug":163,"name":164,"description":165,"image":166,"body":167,"postCount":168},"nisha-rijal","Nisha Rijal","Microbiologist and AMR Specialist Kathmandu, Nepal","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fnisha-rijal-1.png","Nisha Rijal is a microbiologist with nearly 15 years of frontline diagnostic and surveillance experience at the National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), national reference laboratory under the Department of Health Services, Nepal. She currently works as an AMR Support Officer at the World Health Organization (WHO), Nepal, where her work focuses on strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems and translating AMR data into actionable public health response.\n\nHer research, published in peer-reviewed journals and cited over 220 times, spans some of the most clinically significant infectious disease challenges in Nepal and South Asia: antimicrobial resistance trends in *Vibrio cholerae* across an 11-year national surveillance dataset, sero-epidemiology of scrub typhus in patients with acute febrile illness, lower respiratory tract infections in HIV-positive patients, and gonococcal resistance surveillance. She was a contributor to Nepal's National Antimicrobial Resistance Containment Action Plan, a foundational policy document for AMR governance in Nepal. You can find list of [Nisha Rijal's article here in Google Scholar.](https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fcitations?user=N-Ruq54AAAAJ&hl=en)\n\nThis depth of experience is visible in her writing at Microbeonline. Her 53 published articles cover bacteriology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, and laboratory techniques, and are consistently among the most detailed and clinically grounded content on the site. She brings to every article the same standard that national reference laboratory work demands: methodological precision, awareness of real diagnostic constraints, and an understanding of what results actually mean for patient care in resource-limited settings.\n\nHer areas of particular expertise include antimicrobial susceptibility testing and resistance mechanism detection, quality assurance in clinical microbiology, and laboratory-based infectious disease surveillance.\n\n---\n\n*Nisha Rijal contributes to Microbeonline in a personal capacity. Her views and writing do not represent the positions of the World Health Organization or any other institution.*",54,{"slug":170,"name":171,"description":172,"image":173,"body":174,"postCount":152},"padma-shrestha","Padma Shrestha","Author","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fpadma-shrestha.png","Padma Shrestha is from Kathmandu, Nepal. She has completed Masters degree in Medical microbiology from Tribhuvan University. She has great interest in Microbiology and Molecular Biology.",[176,183,189,194,199,204,208,212,216,221,225,230,234,239,244,248,252,256,261,266,270,274,278,283,287,291,295,298,303,308,312,316,320,325,329,333,337,341,345,349,353,357,361,365,369,373,377,381,386,390,394,398,402,406,410,414,418,422,426,430,434,438,442,446,450,454,458,462,465,469,472,475,478,481,484,487,490,493,496,499,502,505,508],{"slug":177,"name":178,"description":179,"image":180,"body":181,"postCount":182},"gram-negative-cocci","Gram-Negative Cocci and Coccobacilli","Neisseria, Moraxella, Haemophilus and related gram-negative coccal organisms","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Ftags\u002Fgram-negative-cocci.png","# Gram Negative Cocci\n\nNeisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitides, Moraxella catarrhalis, and other Neisseria spp. are clinically relevant gram-negative cocci.\n\nN. gonorrhoeae is the leading cause of sexually transmitted disease whereas N. meningitides is a leading cause of fatal bacterial meningitis.",14,{"slug":184,"name":185,"description":186,"image":42,"body":187,"postCount":188},"microscopy","Microscopy","Microscope types, components, and microscopy techniques","These are list of blog posts related to microscopy. ",12,{"slug":190,"name":191,"description":192,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":193},"gram-positive-cocci","Gram-Positive Cocci","Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Micrococcus — organisms, diseases, and identification tests",11,{"slug":195,"name":196,"description":197,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":198},"gram-negative-rods","Gram-Negative Rods (Other than Enterobacteriaceae)","\u003Cp>Gram negative rods other than members of Enterobacteriaceae family such as  Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and related organisms\u003C\u002Fp>",5,{"slug":200,"name":201,"description":202,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":203},"gram-positive-rods","Gram-Positive Rods","Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, Corynebacterium, Actinomyces and related organisms",8,{"slug":205,"name":206,"description":207,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":193},"mycobacteria","Mycobacteria","Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leprosy, atypical mycobacteria, and acid-fast organism diagnosis",{"slug":209,"name":210,"description":211,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":188},"anaerobic-bacteriology","Anaerobic Bacteriology","Anaerobic organisms, anaerobic culture methods, and anaerobic infection diagnosis",{"slug":213,"name":214,"description":215,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":188},"enterobacteriaceae","Enterobacteriaceae","Identification, differentiation, and clinical significance of Enterobacteriaceae family members",{"slug":217,"name":218,"description":219,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":220},"spirochetes","Spirochetes","Treponema, Leptospira, Borrelia and spirochetal infections",7,{"slug":222,"name":223,"description":224,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":182},"food-microbiology","Food Microbiology","Food-borne pathogens, food safety, spoilage, and preservation",{"slug":226,"name":227,"description":228,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":229},"antimicrobial-susceptibility-testing","Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","Methods for testing antibiotic susceptibility in clinical microbiology",21,{"slug":231,"name":232,"description":233,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":182},"antimicrobials-moa-amr","Antimicrobials (MOA & AMR)","Mechanisms, detection, and clinical significance of antimicrobial resistance",{"slug":235,"name":236,"description":237,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":238},"sterilization-disinfection","Sterilization and Disinfection","Methods of sterilization and disinfection in healthcare and laboratory settings",10,{"slug":240,"name":241,"description":242,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":243},"specimen-collection-transport","Specimen Collection and Transport","Collection, handling, and transport of clinical specimens for microbiological testing",27,{"slug":245,"name":246,"description":247,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":229},"bacterial-structure-physiology","Bacterial Structure and Physiology","Bacterial cell structure, growth, physiology, and environmental factors affecting growth",{"slug":249,"name":250,"description":42,"image":42,"body":251,"postCount":141},"horizontal-gene-transfer","Horizontal Gene Transfer","Articles related to **Horizontal Gene Transfer**",{"slug":253,"name":254,"description":42,"image":42,"body":255,"postCount":238},"chromatography","Chromatography","Information about chromatographic techniques.",{"slug":257,"name":258,"description":259,"image":42,"body":260,"postCount":220},"electrophoresis","Electrophoresis","Information about Electrophoresis Techniques ","Detailed information  about Electrophoresis Techniques ",{"slug":262,"name":263,"description":264,"image":42,"body":265,"postCount":141},"pcr-techniques","PCR Techniques","Information about various types of Polymerase Chain Reaction Techniques ","More detailed information about various types of Polymerase Chain Reaction Techniques ",{"slug":267,"name":268,"description":269,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":141},"bacteriophage","Bacteriophage","Description about Bacteriophage.",{"slug":271,"name":272,"description":273,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":141},"malaria","Malaria","It is the collections of articles regarding malarial disease. ",{"slug":275,"name":276,"description":277,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":141},"anaerobic-culture-techniques","Anaerobic Culture Techniques","Posts related with Anaerobic Culture Techniques.",{"slug":279,"name":280,"description":281,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":282},"immunoassays","Immunoassays","You will get information about all the diagnostic tests that rely on the specific binding between an antigen and an antibody to detect or quantify a substance.",19,{"slug":284,"name":285,"description":286,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":220},"biosafety-levels","Biosafety levels ","Articles related to Biosafety Levels",{"slug":288,"name":289,"description":290,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":198},"environmental-factors","Environmental Factors ","In this case we are talking about growth requirements of microorganisms with deep dive in environmental factors that affect the growth. ",{"slug":292,"name":293,"description":294,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":141},"pipette","Pipette","Posts related with Pipette. ",{"slug":51,"name":296,"description":297,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":147},"Bacteriology MCQs","This sections lists MCQs in Bacteriology.",{"slug":299,"name":300,"description":301,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":302},"parasitology-mcqs","Parasitology MCQs","This section lists MCQs in Parasitology.",2,{"slug":304,"name":305,"description":306,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":307},"virology-mcqs","Virology MCQs","This is the collections of Multiple Choice Questions in Virology.",4,{"slug":309,"name":310,"description":311,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":198},"mcqs-in-microbiology","MCQs in Microbiology","This section lists the collections of Multiple Choice Questions in General Microbiology Topics. ",{"slug":313,"name":314,"description":315,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":203},"immunology-mcqs","Immunology MCQs","In this section; we are posting collections of Multiple Choice Questions about Immunology. ",{"slug":317,"name":318,"description":319,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":238},"microbial-curiosities","Microbial Curiosities","In this clusters, we are posting interesting and unique information about Microorganisms. ",{"slug":321,"name":322,"description":323,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":324},"bacterial-culture-media","Bacterial Culture Media","Posts related to Bacterial Culture Media. ",23,{"slug":326,"name":327,"description":328,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":141},"fungal-culture-media","Fungal Culture Media","Posts related to Fungal Culture Media.",{"slug":330,"name":331,"description":332,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":198},"motility-test","Motility Test","This lists the procedure regarding various tests methods for bacterial motility.",{"slug":334,"name":335,"description":336,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":238},"bacterial-enumeration","Bacterial enumeration","These posts are related to isolation and enumeration of bacteria. ",{"slug":338,"name":339,"description":340,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":302},"gram-positive-coccobacillus","Gram-positive coccobacillus","List of Gram Positive Coccobacilli",{"slug":342,"name":343,"description":344,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":307},"dimorphic-fungi","Dimorphic Fungi","This is about various dimorphic fungi. ",{"slug":346,"name":347,"description":348,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":220},"bacterial-classification","Bacterial Classification","These posts are related with various approaches used for the classification of Bacteria. ",{"slug":350,"name":351,"description":352,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":198},"immunofluorescence","Immunofluorescence ","Various Tests related to Immunofluorescence ",{"slug":354,"name":355,"description":356,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":147},"antibody-mediated-immunity","Antibody-mediated Immunity","This clusters links the articles that are sharing insights about Antibody-mediated immunity. ",{"slug":358,"name":359,"description":360,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":220},"hypersensitivity","Hypersensitivity","Articles related to Hypersensitivity.",{"slug":362,"name":363,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":364},"haemophilus","Haemophilus",3,{"slug":366,"name":367,"description":368,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":307},"sexually-transmitted-infections-stis","Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)","This is the clusters of infections that are transmitted sexually. ",{"slug":370,"name":371,"description":372,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":188},"adaptive-immunity","Adaptive Immunity","Blog posts related to B Cell Immunity and T Cell Immunity.",{"slug":374,"name":375,"description":376,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":182},"fungal-diagnostics","Fungal Diagnostics","Various methods used for the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections. ",{"slug":378,"name":379,"description":380,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":198},"laboratory-storage-and-preservation","Laboratory Storage and Preservation","Articles about Laboratory Storage of Antimicrobial Disk, Test organisms and Equipment used for this process. ",{"slug":382,"name":383,"description":384,"image":42,"body":385,"postCount":141},"laboratory-heating-equipment","Laboratory Heating Equipment","A guide to laboratory heating equipment, including hot plates, water baths, Bunsen burners, incubators, and dry baths, and how to choose the right one for each task.","Laboratory heating equipment covers the instruments that warm, melt, incubate, or sterilize samples and media in a microbiology laboratory. Each one delivers heat differently. \n\nA hot plate gives high, direct, dry heat; a water bath gives gentle, even, wet heat up to about 100°C; a Bunsen burner gives an open flame for rapid, very high heat; an incubator holds cultures at a steady temperature over hours or days; and a dry bath heats small tubes without water. Choosing the right one depends on the temperature you need, how precise it must be, and whether the sample can tolerate direct or open-flame heat.\n\nThe articles below cover each piece of heating equipment in detail, including its parts, working principle, uses, and the mistakes that most often go wrong at the bench.",{"slug":387,"name":388,"description":389,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":147},"laboratory-glassware","Laboratory Glassware","Posts about Laboratory Glassware. ",{"slug":391,"name":392,"description":393,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":141},"helminths","Helminths","In this section, we are covering properties, life cycle, pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Helminths\u002FHelminthic infestations. ",{"slug":395,"name":396,"description":397,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":220},"protozoan-parasite","Protozoan Parasite","In this cluster, we are covering protozoan parasites. ",{"slug":399,"name":400,"description":401,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":152},"tests-for-gram-positive-cocci","Biochemical Tests for Gram Positive Cocci","This is the lists of Biochemical Tests that are used for Gram Positive Cocci. ",{"slug":403,"name":404,"description":405,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":238},"bacterial-staining-technique","Bacterial Staining Technique","Lists of various staining techniques that are used to stain bacteria. ",{"slug":407,"name":408,"description":409,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":229},"enzyme-tests","Enzyme Tests","\u003Cp>Various Biochemical Test that are based on enzymatic activity of the microorganisms. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":411,"name":412,"description":413,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":193},"carbohydrate-utilization","Carbohydrate Utilization","\u003Cp>Various biochemical tests which are related to Carbohydrate fermentation or Utilization\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":415,"name":416,"description":417,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":198},"susceptibility-based-id","Susceptibility-based ID","\u003Cp>These are susceptibility based identification test such as optochin sensitivity, bacitracin sensitivity etc. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":419,"name":420,"description":421,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":307},"microbial-metabolism","Microbial Metabolism","\u003Cp>Tests about Microbial Metabolism. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":423,"name":424,"description":425,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":203},"substrate-utilization","Substrate Utilization","\u003Cp>The test in which a non-sugar carbon\u002Fnitrogen source is used or degraded (citrate, malonate, decarboxylases, indole, PAD).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":427,"name":428,"description":429,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":364},"atypical-pneumonia","Atypical Pneumonia","\u003Cp>Organisms responsible for Atypical Pneumonia. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":431,"name":432,"description":433,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":198},"antigen","Antigen","\u003Cp>Various articles related to Antigens.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":435,"name":436,"description":437,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":220},"innate-immunity","Innate Immunity","\u003Cp>Articles related to Innate Immunity. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":439,"name":440,"description":441,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":307},"respiratory-tract-infection","Respiratory Tract Infection","\u003Cp>In this cluster, you can see various etiological agents that causes respiratory tract infection. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":443,"name":444,"description":445,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":198},"torch-infection","TORCH Infection","\u003Cp>In this section; you can find articles related with TOCH infection. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":447,"name":448,"description":449,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":203},"microbiology-for-beginners","Microbiology for Beginners","\u003Cp>These articles are very basic articles, which will share general concepts in Microbiology. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":451,"name":452,"description":453,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":141},"dna-replication","DNA Replication","\u003Cp>Articles related to DNA and Replication of DNA. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":455,"name":456,"description":457,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":220},"genetic-code","Genetic Code","\u003Cp>Articles related to Genetic Code.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":459,"name":460,"description":461,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":220},"molecular-technique","Molecular Technique","\u003Cp>Posts related to Molecular Techniques. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":463,"name":464,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":152},"colorimetric-assay","Colorimetric Assay ",{"slug":466,"name":467,"description":468,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":198},"pharmaceutical-microbiology","Pharmaceutical Microbiology","\u003Cp>Various articles related to Pharmaceutical Microbiology\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":470,"name":471,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":364},"blood-and-immune-cells","Blood and Immune Cells",{"slug":473,"name":474,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":198},"host-pathogen-interaction","Host Pathogen Interaction",{"slug":476,"name":477,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":307},"blood-culture","Blood Culture",{"slug":479,"name":480,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":307},"environmental-microbiology","Environmental microbiology ",{"slug":482,"name":483,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":141},"copromicroscopic-technique","Copromicroscopic Technique",{"slug":485,"name":486,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":364},"quality-control","Quality Control",{"slug":488,"name":489,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":307},"dermatophytes","Dermatophytes",{"slug":491,"name":492,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":364},"viral-hemorrhagic-fevers","Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers",{"slug":494,"name":495,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":307},"h2s-production","H2S Production",{"slug":497,"name":498,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":302},"water-quality-testing","Water Quality Testing",{"slug":500,"name":501,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":198},"virology-basics","Virology basics",{"slug":503,"name":504,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":307},"typing-methods","Typing Methods",{"slug":506,"name":507,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":364},"blotting-technique","Blotting Technique",{"slug":509,"name":510,"description":42,"image":42,"body":42,"postCount":307},"history-microbiology","History of Microbiology"]