Bacillus anthracis, the most notorious pathogen of the genus Bacillus, is the causative agent of a serious zoonotic disease called anthrax. Anthrax is primarily a disease of wild and domestic herbivorous mammals. It is one […]
Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a major cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Other infections caused by Group B Streptococci include postpartum endometritis and bacteremia among pregnant women and pneumonia, endocarditis, skin […]
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that is able to adhere to, invade, and survive within mammalian cells, including macrophages. It is a food-borne pathogen responsible for listeriosis, one of the deadliest foodborne infections […]
Helicobacter pylori is a major human pathogen that is responsible for diseases, such as duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and gastric cancer. It is a spiral-shaped gram-negative rod with 4-6 polar sheathed flagella which resides on the […]
Staphylococcus aureus is a notable human pathogen for a variety of infections; suppurative (pus-forming) infections, systemic illness and toxinoses. S. aureus has an extraordinary repertoire of virulence factors that allows to survive extreme conditions in […]
Haemophilus influenzae is a pleomorphic, gram negative coccobacillus which is divided into two groups: unencapsulated (non-typeable) and encapsulated. Encapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae are further classified into 6 different serotypes (a-f) based on the presence […]
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is one of the most common causes of pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis in children and adults both in developing and developed countries. S. pneumoniae is the most common causative agent in community-acquired […]
Streptococcus pyogenes is the leading cause of uncomplicated bacterial pharyngitis and tonsillitis commonly referred to as strep throat. Acute diseases associated with Streptococcus pyogenes occur chiefly in the respiratory tract (sinusitis, otitis), bloodstream (sepsis, endocarditis, meningitis), or the skin (impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, myositis}. Two […]
Neisseria is the only pathogenic gram negative cocci (precisely diplococci). Two species of Neisseria causes disease in humans; Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Human beings are only known hosts of N.gonorrhoeae. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (often called gonococcus) causes […]
Capsular polysaccharides Neisseria meningitidis strains are frequently encapsulated and 13 different capsular serogroups have been found so far. These capsular polysaccharides protect the meningococci from the action of phagocytic cells and enhance organism’s survival during […]
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram positive cocci, typically lancet shaped and occurs singly, in pairs (diplococci) or in short chains. Main diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae: Bacterial pneumonia: Most common bacterial cause, especially in infants and […]
Exotoxins: Toxins that are released extracellularly as the organism grows are called exotoxins. Exotoxins may travel from a focus of infection to distant part of the body and cause damage. E.g. Neurotoxin (botulinum toxin, tetanus […]
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