Haemophilus influenzae is a pleomorphic, gram negative coccobacillus which is divided into two groups: unencapsulated (non-typeable) and encapsulated. Encapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae are further classified into 6 different serotypes (a-f) based on the presence […]
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is one of the most common causes of pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis in children and adults both in developing and developed countries. S. pneumoniae is the most common causative agent in community-acquired […]
This post was most recently updated on December 27th, 2018Streptococcus pyogenes is the leading cause of uncomplicated bacterial pharyngitis and tonsillitis commonly referred to as strep throat. Acute diseases associated with Streptococcus pyogenes occur chiefly in the respiratory tract (sinusitis, otitis), bloodstream (sepsis, endocarditis, […]
This post was most recently updated on April 5th, 2018Neisseria is the only pathogenic gram negative cocci (precisely diplococci). Two species of Neisseria causes disease in humans; Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Human beings are […]
This post was most recently updated on January 24th, 2015Capsular polysaccharides: Neisseria meningitidis strains are frequently encapsulated and 13 different capsular serogroups have been found so far. These capsular polysaccharides protect the meningococci from the […]
This post was most recently updated on February 16th, 2019Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram positive cocci, typically lancet shaped and occurs singly, in pairs (diplococci) or in short chains. Main diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae: Bacterial […]
This post was most recently updated on December 28th, 2015Exotoxins: Definition: Toxins that are released extracellularly as the organism grows are called exotoxins. Exotoxins may travel from a focus of infection to distant part of […]
This post was most recently updated on May 25th, 2016Bacterial flagella are long, thin (about 20 nm), whip like appendages that move the bacteria towards nutrients and other attractants. Flagella are free at one end and […]
This post was most recently updated on June 29th, 2016Bacterial spores are highly resistant, dormant structures (i.e. no metabolic activity) formed in response to adverse environmental conditions. They help in the survival of the organisms […]
This post was most recently updated on April 28th, 2018Capsule (also known as K antigen) is a major virulence factor of bacteria, e.g. all of the principal pathogens which cause pneumonia and meningitis, including Streptococcus […]
This post was most recently updated on May 5th, 2019Escherichia coli (abbreviated as E. coli) is a commensal (normal flora) of gut of humans and warm-blooded animals. Most strains of E.coli are harmless, some even […]
This post was most recently updated on June 10th, 2016 Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are large group of mobile genetic elements that are associated with pathogenicity and are located on the bacterial chromosome. The concept of […]
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