Quality control strains (standard strains) are well-characterized microorganisms with defined susceptibility or resistance profiles to the antimicrobial agent(s) tested. They are routinely used to standardize the antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) methodologies and to check the […]
Last updated on June 21st, 2021ESBL stands for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, i.e. a group of enzymes produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria which can hydrolyze all β- lactam agents except carbapenems and cephamycins. ESBLs belong […]
Last updated on June 21st, 2021The enzyme carbapenemase can be detected by various phenotypic and molecular methods. Phenotypic methods for carbapenemases detection are preferred over molecular techniques because they are rapid, affordable, accurate, and feasible […]
Last updated on June 21st, 2021Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification of antibiotics was developed by World Health Organization (WHO) to assist in the development of tools for antibiotic stewardship at local, national, and global levels […]
Last updated on June 21st, 2021The Carba NP test (CNPt) is a biochemical test for the rapid detection (≤2 h) of carbapenemase production in Gram-negative bacilli. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommends Carba NP […]
Last updated on July 4th, 2021Macrolides are primarily bacteriostatic antibacterial agents that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding with 50S subunit of the ribosome. Members of the group include erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, dirithromycin, and telithromycin. […]
Last updated on July 4th, 2021Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against a wide range of Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and several intracellular bacterial pathogens such as chlamydia, rickettsia, mycoplasma, etc. Tetracyclines are usually […]
Last updated on July 4th, 2021Beta-lactam antibiotics are those that contain 4-member, nitrogen-containing, beta-lactam ring at the core of their structure. This ring mimics the shape of the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala peptide sequence that serves as […]
Last updated on June 21st, 2021Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is defined as the lowest concentration (expressed as mg/L or μg/μL) of an antimicrobial agent that inhibits the visible in-vitro growth of microorganisms. The MIC test […]
Last updated on June 11th, 2021Glycopeptide antibiotics act primarily by inhibiting cell wall synthesis of bacteria but functions differently from beta-lactam antibiotics. Vancomycin is the most important and commonly used glycopeptides, although teicoplanin is also […]
Last updated on June 11th, 2021MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to several antibiotics. Historically, staph strains that are oxacillin and methicillin-resistant are termed MRSA. MRSA is resistant […]
Last updated on July 4th, 2021Antibiotics are the main therapeutic tools to treat various bacterial infections. But today, more and more antibiotics are becoming less effective. It is because of the antibiotic resistance developed by […]
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