[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"$fxLN3MUwXCdr5RPjwZYIDpOj8CHyjOmngWTgoKXPtZbg":3,"$f_tqBbYhHiJR1WS5-mrYjU9fTErHwuAYYYR0hQ9bTNiE":36,"$f3Ft0rKFJHppdzE-vuveecxx1BUcg9iOlMLtyzf_MJDg":46,"$fucxFBm2ZjZfGSdmdRaSNGBI_F0jJme4f0GTvzUhQfL8":112},[4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32],{"title":5,"slug":6,"path":7},"About Microbeonline.com","about-microbeonline-com","\u002Fabout-microbeonline-com\u002F",{"title":9,"slug":10,"path":11},"About Me","about-me","\u002Fabout-microbeonline-com\u002Fabout-me\u002F",{"title":13,"slug":14,"path":15},"Advertise with Us","advertise-us","\u002Fadvertise-us\u002F",{"title":17,"slug":18,"path":19},"Privacy Policy","privacy-policy","\u002Fprivacy-policy\u002F",{"title":21,"slug":22,"path":23},"Authors","authors","\u002Fauthors\u002F",{"title":25,"slug":26,"path":27},"Microbes","microbes","\u002Fmicrobes\u002F",{"title":29,"slug":30,"path":31},"Books","recommended-books","\u002Frecommended-books\u002F",{"title":33,"slug":34,"path":35},"Tags","tags","\u002Ftags\u002F",{"type":37,"data":38},"page",{"slug":10,"title":9,"description":39,"parent":6,"draft":40,"image":41,"body":42,"breadcrumbs":43},"Welcome to Microbeonline.com. I am Tankeshwar Acharya, Assistant Professor and Microbiologist at the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal.",false,null,"## Tankeshwar Acharya\n\n**Assistant Professor of Microbiology and Immunology** Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS), Lalitpur, Nepal\n\n---\n\n## The Road to Microbiology\n\nI did not arrive in microbiology in a straight line.\n\nAs a teenager, I wanted to become a physician. My mother had asthma, and I wanted to be the person who could treat her. When that path closed for financial reasons, I chose microbiology partly by circumstance, modelling my direction after Professor Dr. Bharatmani Pokhrel, a Fulbright scholar and an eminent Nepalese microbiologist.\n\nI studied hard, secured distinction throughout, but I carried a quiet doubt about whether microbiology was truly my calling.\n\nThen I left academia for a time. I worked as a Medical Sales Representative, travelling through different parts of Nepal. In small district hospitals and maternity wards, I witnessed children dying from cholera, typhoid, and other bacterial infections that were preventable with better diagnosis and rational antibiotic use. I saw over-the-counter antibiotic sales without prescriptions. I saw culture methods that could not identify what was killing patients. And I began to understand, slowly and unmistakably, what a well-trained microbiologist could actually do in that setting.\n\nI returned to Kathmandu with a clarity I had not had before. I completed my Master of Science in Medical Microbiology with distinction from Tribhuvan University, Nepal, and I have not looked back.\n\n---\n\n## Academic and Professional Work\n\nI am an [Assistant Professor of Microbiology at the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS), Lalitpur](https:\u002F\u002Fweb.pahs.edu.np\u002Fcommunity\u002Ffaculty-at-pahs\u002F), Nepal, where I teach clinical microbiology to MBBS and BSc\u002FBachelor in Nursing\u002FBachelor in Midwifery students and contribute to research in infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance.\n\nMy research interests include host-pathogen interaction, immune defense mechanisms, and microbial drug resistance, particularly as these apply to diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in resource-limited settings.\n\n### Publications\n\n**Book Chapter**\n\nAcharya T, Hare J. Sabouraud Agar and Other Fungal Growth Media. In: Gupta VK, Tuohy M, editors. *Laboratory Protocols in Fungal Biology: Current Methods in Fungal Biology*. 2nd ed. Cham: Springer; 2022. p. 69–86. \u003Chttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002F978-3-030-83749-5>\n\n**Journal Articles**\n\nAcharya T, Tiwari BR, Pokhrel BM. Serodiagnosis of typhoid fever: evaluation of optimal diagnostic cut-off values for the Widal test in a Nepalese population. *Journal of Health and Allied Sciences* (JHAS). 2013;3(1):27–30.\n\nAcharya T, et al. Transitioning from Traditional Teaching to Problem-Based Learning Facilitation: A Comprehensive Tutor Training Program at Patan Academy of Health Sciences. [ResearchGate](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F398132808_Transitioning_from_Traditional_Teaching_to_Problem_Based_Learning_Facilitation_A_Comprehensive_Tutor_Training_Program_at_Patan_Academy_of_Health_Sciences)\n\n### Medical Education and PBL\n\nPBL is central to how PAHS trains its future doctors. I am a member of the PBL Committee at PAHS and have been involved in designing and delivering tutor training programs to help faculty transition from traditional didactic teaching to the facilitation-based model that PBL demands. This work has extended beyond PAHS: I conduct PBL facilitation training workshops for faculty at medical colleges and health science academies across Nepal.\n\nThe research arising from this work, published above, examines what a structured tutor training program can realistically achieve and where the gaps remain. It is the kind of question that matters to anyone trying to replicate PBL in institutions where all faculty were trained in lecture-based systems.\n\n---\n\n## Conferences and Training\n\nScientific engagement outside the institution has been a consistent part of my professional life. A full account of these experiences is documented on Microbeonline, but the key events are:\n\n**ASM Microbe 2018, Atlanta, USA** The American Society for Microbiology's annual meeting is the largest gathering of microbiologists in the world. In 2018, I attended and presented a poster on the 2016 cholera outbreak in Nepal. The conference brought together researchers from over 100 countries across eight scientific tracks including Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance, Clinical and Public Health Microbiology, and Host-Microbe Biology. Attendance was supported by an ASM Student and Postdoctoral Travel Award and a Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Travel Award for Scientists from Low and Lower-Middle Income Countries. [Read about the experience](https:\u002F\u002Fmicrobeonline.com\u002Fjourney-atlanta-participate-present-asm-microbe-2018\u002F)\n\n**22nd International Pathogenic Neisseria Conference (IPNC 2022), Cape Town, South Africa** IPNC is the premier specialist conference for research on *Neisseria gonorrhoeae* and *Neisseria meningitidis*, covering epidemiology, genomics, vaccine development, host-pathogen interaction, and diagnostics and treatment. The 2022 conference was held at Lagoon Beach Hotel, Cape Town, October 9–14. Sessions I attended included Meningitis in Africa, Antibiotic Resistance and Diagnostics, Gonococcal Vaccines, and Genomics and Gene Regulation. [Read about the experience](https:\u002F\u002Fmicrobeonline.com\u002Fcapetown-neisseria-conference\u002F)\n\n**CBID Summer School in Molecular Phylogenetics, Hanoi, Vietnam (2016)** The Computational Biology for Infectious Diseases (CBID) Summer School provided training for students, researchers, and professionals working on infectious diseases, combining conceptual foundations with hands-on data analysis. I participated in the Molecular Phylogenetics track, alongside parallel groups covering metagenomics, population genetics, transmission dynamics, and epidemic forecasting. [Read about the experience](https:\u002F\u002Fmicrobeonline.com\u002Ftravelling-vietnam-attend-summer-school-molecular-phylogenetics\u002F)\n\n---\n\n## How Microbeonline Began\n\nMicrobeonline did not start as a project. It started as a habit.\n\nMy first blog post was in December 2008, a random thought posted on Blogspot with no particular purpose. I blogged occasionally through 2013, mostly to store study materials I had gathered so I could access them from anywhere. Visitors began to arrive. They left comments. They sent emails saying that a particular explanation had finally made something click for them.\n\nThat feedback changed everything.\n\nIn May 2016, I launched [microbeonline.com](http:\u002F\u002Fmicrobeonline.com) as a dedicated clinical microbiology education site, built to serve the visitors who had already found value in what I was writing. The site has grown steadily since, and the core motivation has remained the same: helping students understand not just what microbiology facts say, but why they matter and how to remember them.\n\nIn 2016, [IDStewardship.com](http:\u002F\u002FIDStewardship.com), one of the leading antimicrobial stewardship and infectious disease pharmacy platforms, featured Microbeonline in a [one-on-one interview](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.idstewardship.com\u002Fone-one-man-story-behind-microbeonline\u002F) conducted by Timothy P. Gauthier, Pharm.D., BCPS-AQ ID. It remains one of the recognitions I value most, because it came from clinicians who understood what we were trying to build.\n\n---\n\n## Beyond Microbeonline\n\nBlogging has been part of my life since 2008, and over that time I have been involved in educational technology well beyond microbiology.\n\nI co-founded [edusanjal.com](http:\u002F\u002Fedusanjal.com), Nepal's first comprehensive educational portal and now the country's leading platform for student guidance on college admissions, scholarships, and education news. In 2011, edusanjal was recognised with the **World Summit Youth Award in the Education for All category**, one of the leading international recognitions for digital innovation in education.\n\nI also co-founded [edupatra.com](http:\u002F\u002Fedupatra.com), which covers education news, views, and stories in the Nepali language.\n\nThese projects reflect a consistent conviction: that access to accurate, well-organised information changes outcomes. That conviction is as present in a microbiology article for an MBBS\u002FLab Technology\u002FNursing student as it is in a scholarship listing for a student in a remote district of Nepal.\n\n---\n\n## Teaching at National College\n\nAlongside my work at PAHS, I guide graduate students pursuing their Masters in Medical Microbiology at National College (NIST), Kathmandu. Teaching at both institutions has deepened my understanding of where students consistently struggle and what kinds of explanations actually move the needle.\n\n---\n\n## A Note on Nisha Rijal\n\nMicrobeonline has benefited greatly from the expertise of **Nisha Rijal**, microbiologist and quality assurance specialist. She served for nearly 12 years as a microbiologist at the National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Nepal's national reference laboratory, and continues to work as a consultant microbiologist in international public health. Her contributions to the site reflect the standard of accuracy and clinical rigour that national reference laboratory work demands.\n\n---\n\n## Connect\n\n- Microbeonline on Twitter \u002F X: [@microbeonline](https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fmicrobeonline)\n- LinkedIn: [Bidur (Tankeshwar) Acharya](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fin\u002Fbidur-acharya\u002F)\n- Facebook: [Bidur Acharya](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBidur.Acharya)\n\nIf you have spotted an error in an article, have a question, or would like to suggest a topic, please use the contact form. Every message is read, and corrections are made promptly. The site is only as good as the people who engage with it honestly.\n\n---\n\n*The views expressed on [Microbeonline.com](http:\u002F\u002FMicrobeonline.com) are my own and do not represent those of Patan Academy of Health Sciences or any other institution.*",[44],{"title":5,"path":45},"\u002Fabout-microbeonline-com",[47,54,61,68,74,79,85,90,96,99,106],{"slug":48,"name":49,"description":50,"image":51,"body":52,"postCount":53},"acharya-tankeshwar","Acharya Tankeshwar","Editor-in-chief","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Ftankeshwar-acharya-author-microbeonline.jpg","***Tankeshwar Acharya, MSc (Medical Microbiology)***\n\n*Tankeshwar Acharya is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Microbiology at Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS), Nepal, where he has been teaching and practicing clinical microbiology for over 14 years. He is the founder of Microbe Online, one of the leading free microbiology education resources on the web, covering bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, and clinical laboratory diagnostics written from direct experience in both the classroom and the diagnostic laboratory.*",491,{"slug":55,"name":56,"description":57,"image":58,"body":59,"postCount":60},"ashma-shrestha","Ashma Shrestha","SEO Copywriter and Science Communicator\nKathmandu, Nepal","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fashma-shrestha.png","Ashma Shrestha holds a Master of Science in Medical Microbiology from the Institute of Science and Technology (IOST), Tribhuvan University, Nepal, where she developed a strong foundation in virology, molecular biology, and diagnostic microbiology.\n\nShe now works as an SEO Copywriter at Resolution Digital, where she combines her scientific training with research-driven content strategy. She is certified in Google Analytics and Google Business Profile (GBP), and brings a data-informed approach to science communication writing content that is not only accurate but structured to reach and serve the students who need it most.\n\nAt microbeonline, Ashma contributes articles primarily in virology and molecular biology, areas she finds most compelling for their mechanistic depth and their growing clinical relevance. Her writing reflects the same standard the site is built on: factual rigor, clear explanation of the *why* behind microbiology concepts, and content that helps students move from memorization to genuine understanding.\n\nShe is passionate about making complex microbiological concepts accessible without sacrificing accuracy; a skill that sits at the intersection of her scientific training and her professional work in content and SEO.",79,{"slug":62,"name":63,"description":64,"image":65,"body":66,"postCount":67},"sushmita-baniya","Sushmita Baniya","Author \u002F Contributor","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fsushmita-baniya-1.png","Sushmita Baniya holds an M.Sc. in Medical Microbiology from Tribhuvan University (National College), with a research focus in Genetics and Molecular Biology. She is actively involved in teaching and research in the field of microbiology.",26,{"slug":69,"name":70,"description":64,"image":71,"body":72,"postCount":73},"samikshya-acharya","Samikshya Acharya","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fsamikshya-acharya.jpeg","Samikshya Sharma completed her postgraduate studies in Medical Microbiology at the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. She contributes to Microbeonline with the goal of making foundational and clinical microbiology concepts clear and useful for students in medical, laboratory science, and allied health programs.",20,{"slug":75,"name":76,"description":64,"image":41,"body":77,"postCount":78},"alisha-tripathi","Alisha Tripathi","Alisha Tripathi holds an M.Sc. in Medical Microbiology from National College, Tribhuvan University. With over a year of teaching experience, her academic interests span Molecular Biology, Immunology, and Genetics.",6,{"slug":80,"name":81,"description":82,"image":41,"body":83,"postCount":84},"aastha-shrestha","Aastha Shrestha"," Author \u002F Contributor","Aastha Shrestha is a Biotechnology graduate with an M.Sc. from National College, Tribhuvan University. Her academic interests center on Molecular Biology and Immunology; two fields that are increasingly converging in modern diagnostic and clinical microbiology. \n\nShe contributes to Microbeonline with the goal of making complex concepts in these areas approachable and exam-relevant for students across medical, biotechnology, and laboratory science programs.",9,{"slug":86,"name":87,"description":88,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":89},"guest-author","Guest Author","Guest Author \u002F Contributor",1,{"slug":91,"name":92,"description":64,"image":93,"body":94,"postCount":95},"srijana-khanal","Srijana Khanal","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fsrijana-khanal-1.png","Srijana Khanal is a microbiology educator with nearly a decade of teaching experience, including her role as faculty in the Microbiology Department at National College, NIST. \n\nHer time in the classroom has given her a clear sense of where students struggle and what explanations actually work, a perspective that directly shapes how she writes.\n\nHer academic interests span Immunology, Genetics, Basic Sciences, and Research Methodology, and she brings the same rigor to her writing that she brought to teaching. Alongside academic writing, she has a passion for creative writing -- an instinct that shows in her ability to make dense scientific material readable without sacrificing accuracy.\n\nShe contributes to Microbeonline to extend her teaching reach beyond the classroom, helping medical and laboratory science students across the region build a stronger foundation in microbiology.",15,{"slug":97,"name":98,"description":88,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":89},"dr-poonam-acharya","Dr. Poonam Acharya",{"slug":100,"name":101,"description":102,"image":103,"body":104,"postCount":105},"nisha-rijal","Nisha Rijal","Microbiologist and AMR Specialist Kathmandu, Nepal","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fnisha-rijal-1.png","Nisha Rijal is a microbiologist with nearly 15 years of frontline diagnostic and surveillance experience at the National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), national reference laboratory under the Department of Health Services, Nepal. She currently works as an AMR Support Officer at the World Health Organization (WHO), Nepal, where her work focuses on strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems and translating AMR data into actionable public health response.\n\nHer research, published in peer-reviewed journals and cited over 220 times, spans some of the most clinically significant infectious disease challenges in Nepal and South Asia: antimicrobial resistance trends in *Vibrio cholerae* across an 11-year national surveillance dataset, sero-epidemiology of scrub typhus in patients with acute febrile illness, lower respiratory tract infections in HIV-positive patients, and gonococcal resistance surveillance. She was a contributor to Nepal's National Antimicrobial Resistance Containment Action Plan, a foundational policy document for AMR governance in Nepal. You can find list of [Nisha Rijal's article here in Google Scholar.](https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fcitations?user=N-Ruq54AAAAJ&hl=en)\n\nThis depth of experience is visible in her writing at Microbeonline. Her 53 published articles cover bacteriology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, and laboratory techniques, and are consistently among the most detailed and clinically grounded content on the site. She brings to every article the same standard that national reference laboratory work demands: methodological precision, awareness of real diagnostic constraints, and an understanding of what results actually mean for patient care in resource-limited settings.\n\nHer areas of particular expertise include antimicrobial susceptibility testing and resistance mechanism detection, quality assurance in clinical microbiology, and laboratory-based infectious disease surveillance.\n\n---\n\n*Nisha Rijal contributes to Microbeonline in a personal capacity. Her views and writing do not represent the positions of the World Health Organization or any other institution.*",55,{"slug":107,"name":108,"description":109,"image":110,"body":111,"postCount":89},"padma-shrestha","Padma Shrestha","Author","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Fauthors\u002Fpadma-shrestha.png","Padma Shrestha is from Kathmandu, Nepal. She has completed Masters degree in Medical microbiology from Tribhuvan University. She has great interest in Microbiology and Molecular Biology.",[113,120,126,131,136,141,145,149,153,158,162,167,171,176,181,186,190,194,199,204,208,212,216,220,224,228,232,236,241,246,250,254,258,263,267,271,275,279,283,287,291,295,299,303,307,311,315,319,324,328,332,336,340,344,348,352,356,360,364,368,372,376,380,384,388,392,396,400,403,407,410,413,416,419,422,425,428,431,434,437,440,443,446],{"slug":114,"name":115,"description":116,"image":117,"body":118,"postCount":119},"gram-negative-cocci","Gram-Negative Cocci and Coccobacilli","Neisseria, Moraxella, Haemophilus and related gram-negative coccal organisms","https:\u002F\u002Fassets.microbeonline.com\u002Ftags\u002Fgram-negative-cocci.png","# Gram Negative Cocci\n\nNeisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitides, Moraxella catarrhalis, and other Neisseria spp. are clinically relevant gram-negative cocci.\n\nN. gonorrhoeae is the leading cause of sexually transmitted disease whereas N. meningitides is a leading cause of fatal bacterial meningitis.",14,{"slug":121,"name":122,"description":123,"image":41,"body":124,"postCount":125},"microscopy","Microscopy","Microscope types, components, and microscopy techniques","These are list of blog posts related to microscopy. ",12,{"slug":127,"name":128,"description":129,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":130},"gram-positive-cocci","Gram-Positive Cocci","Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Micrococcus — organisms, diseases, and identification tests",11,{"slug":132,"name":133,"description":134,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":135},"gram-negative-rods","Gram-Negative Rods (Other than Enterobacteriaceae)","\u003Cp>Gram negative rods other than members of Enterobacteriaceae family such as  Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and related organisms\u003C\u002Fp>",5,{"slug":137,"name":138,"description":139,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":140},"gram-positive-rods","Gram-Positive Rods","Bacillus, Clostridium, Listeria, Corynebacterium, Actinomyces and related organisms",8,{"slug":142,"name":143,"description":144,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":125},"mycobacteria","Mycobacteria","Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leprosy, atypical mycobacteria, and acid-fast organism diagnosis",{"slug":146,"name":147,"description":148,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":125},"anaerobic-bacteriology","Anaerobic Bacteriology","Anaerobic organisms, anaerobic culture methods, and anaerobic infection diagnosis",{"slug":150,"name":151,"description":152,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":125},"enterobacteriaceae","Enterobacteriaceae","Identification, differentiation, and clinical significance of Enterobacteriaceae family members",{"slug":154,"name":155,"description":156,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":157},"spirochetes","Spirochetes","Treponema, Leptospira, Borrelia and spirochetal infections",7,{"slug":159,"name":160,"description":161,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":119},"food-microbiology","Food Microbiology","Food-borne pathogens, food safety, spoilage, and preservation",{"slug":163,"name":164,"description":165,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":166},"antimicrobial-susceptibility-testing","Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","Methods for testing antibiotic susceptibility in clinical microbiology",22,{"slug":168,"name":169,"description":170,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":119},"antimicrobials-moa-amr","Antimicrobials (MOA & AMR)","Mechanisms, detection, and clinical significance of antimicrobial resistance",{"slug":172,"name":173,"description":174,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":175},"sterilization-disinfection","Sterilization and Disinfection","Methods of sterilization and disinfection in healthcare and laboratory settings",10,{"slug":177,"name":178,"description":179,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":180},"specimen-collection-transport","Specimen Collection and Transport","Collection, handling, and transport of clinical specimens for microbiological testing",27,{"slug":182,"name":183,"description":184,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":185},"bacterial-structure-physiology","Bacterial Structure and Physiology","Bacterial cell structure, growth, physiology, and environmental factors affecting growth",21,{"slug":187,"name":188,"description":41,"image":41,"body":189,"postCount":78},"horizontal-gene-transfer","Horizontal Gene Transfer","Articles related to **Horizontal Gene Transfer**",{"slug":191,"name":192,"description":41,"image":41,"body":193,"postCount":175},"chromatography","Chromatography","Information about chromatographic techniques.",{"slug":195,"name":196,"description":197,"image":41,"body":198,"postCount":157},"electrophoresis","Electrophoresis","Information about Electrophoresis Techniques ","Detailed information  about Electrophoresis Techniques ",{"slug":200,"name":201,"description":202,"image":41,"body":203,"postCount":78},"pcr-techniques","PCR Techniques","Information about various types of Polymerase Chain Reaction Techniques ","More detailed information about various types of Polymerase Chain Reaction Techniques ",{"slug":205,"name":206,"description":207,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":78},"bacteriophage","Bacteriophage","Description about Bacteriophage.",{"slug":209,"name":210,"description":211,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":78},"malaria","Malaria","It is the collections of articles regarding malarial disease. ",{"slug":213,"name":214,"description":215,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":78},"anaerobic-culture-techniques","Anaerobic Culture Techniques","Posts related with Anaerobic Culture Techniques.",{"slug":217,"name":218,"description":219,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":185},"immunoassays","Immunoassays","You will get information about all the diagnostic tests that rely on the specific binding between an antigen and an antibody to detect or quantify a substance.",{"slug":221,"name":222,"description":223,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":157},"biosafety-levels","Biosafety levels ","Articles related to Biosafety Levels",{"slug":225,"name":226,"description":227,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":135},"environmental-factors","Environmental Factors ","In this case we are talking about growth requirements of microorganisms with deep dive in environmental factors that affect the growth. ",{"slug":229,"name":230,"description":231,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":78},"pipette","Pipette","Posts related with Pipette. ",{"slug":233,"name":234,"description":235,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":157},"bacteriology-mcqs","Bacteriology MCQs","This sections lists MCQs in Bacteriology.",{"slug":237,"name":238,"description":239,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":240},"parasitology-mcqs","Parasitology MCQs","This section lists MCQs in Parasitology.",2,{"slug":242,"name":243,"description":244,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":245},"virology-mcqs","Virology MCQs","This is the collections of Multiple Choice Questions in Virology.",4,{"slug":247,"name":248,"description":249,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":135},"mcqs-in-microbiology","MCQs in Microbiology","This section lists the collections of Multiple Choice Questions in General Microbiology Topics. ",{"slug":251,"name":252,"description":253,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":157},"immunology-mcqs","Immunology MCQs","In this section; we are posting collections of Multiple Choice Questions about Immunology. ",{"slug":255,"name":256,"description":257,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":175},"microbial-curiosities","Microbial Curiosities","In this clusters, we are posting interesting and unique information about Microorganisms. ",{"slug":259,"name":260,"description":261,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":262},"bacterial-culture-media","Bacterial Culture Media","Posts related to Bacterial Culture Media. ",23,{"slug":264,"name":265,"description":266,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":78},"fungal-culture-media","Fungal Culture Media","Posts related to Fungal Culture Media.",{"slug":268,"name":269,"description":270,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":135},"motility-test","Motility Test","This lists the procedure regarding various tests methods for bacterial motility.",{"slug":272,"name":273,"description":274,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":175},"bacterial-enumeration","Bacterial enumeration","These posts are related to isolation and enumeration of bacteria. ",{"slug":276,"name":277,"description":278,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":240},"gram-positive-coccobacillus","Gram-positive coccobacillus","List of Gram Positive Coccobacilli",{"slug":280,"name":281,"description":282,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":245},"dimorphic-fungi","Dimorphic Fungi","This is about various dimorphic fungi. ",{"slug":284,"name":285,"description":286,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":157},"bacterial-classification","Bacterial Classification","These posts are related with various approaches used for the classification of Bacteria. ",{"slug":288,"name":289,"description":290,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":135},"immunofluorescence","Immunofluorescence ","Various Tests related to Immunofluorescence ",{"slug":292,"name":293,"description":294,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":84},"antibody-mediated-immunity","Antibody-mediated Immunity","This clusters links the articles that are sharing insights about Antibody-mediated immunity. ",{"slug":296,"name":297,"description":298,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":157},"hypersensitivity","Hypersensitivity","Articles related to Hypersensitivity.",{"slug":300,"name":301,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":302},"haemophilus","Haemophilus",3,{"slug":304,"name":305,"description":306,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":245},"sexually-transmitted-infections-stis","Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)","This is the clusters of infections that are transmitted sexually. ",{"slug":308,"name":309,"description":310,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":125},"adaptive-immunity","Adaptive Immunity","Blog posts related to B Cell Immunity and T Cell Immunity.",{"slug":312,"name":313,"description":314,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":119},"fungal-diagnostics","Fungal Diagnostics","Various methods used for the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections. ",{"slug":316,"name":317,"description":318,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":135},"laboratory-storage-and-preservation","Laboratory Storage and Preservation","Articles about Laboratory Storage of Antimicrobial Disk, Test organisms and Equipment used for this process. ",{"slug":320,"name":321,"description":322,"image":41,"body":323,"postCount":78},"laboratory-heating-equipment","Laboratory Heating Equipment","A guide to laboratory heating equipment, including hot plates, water baths, Bunsen burners, incubators, and dry baths, and how to choose the right one for each task.","Laboratory heating equipment covers the instruments that warm, melt, incubate, or sterilize samples and media in a microbiology laboratory. Each one delivers heat differently. \n\nA hot plate gives high, direct, dry heat; a water bath gives gentle, even, wet heat up to about 100°C; a Bunsen burner gives an open flame for rapid, very high heat; an incubator holds cultures at a steady temperature over hours or days; and a dry bath heats small tubes without water. Choosing the right one depends on the temperature you need, how precise it must be, and whether the sample can tolerate direct or open-flame heat.\n\nThe articles below cover each piece of heating equipment in detail, including its parts, working principle, uses, and the mistakes that most often go wrong at the bench.",{"slug":325,"name":326,"description":327,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":84},"laboratory-glassware","Laboratory Glassware","Posts about Laboratory Glassware. ",{"slug":329,"name":330,"description":331,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":84},"helminths","Helminths","In this section, we are covering properties, life cycle, pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Helminths\u002FHelminthic infestations. ",{"slug":333,"name":334,"description":335,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":140},"protozoan-parasite","Protozoan Parasite","In this cluster, we are covering protozoan parasites. ",{"slug":337,"name":338,"description":339,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":89},"tests-for-gram-positive-cocci","Biochemical Tests for Gram Positive Cocci","This is the lists of Biochemical Tests that are used for Gram Positive Cocci. ",{"slug":341,"name":342,"description":343,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":175},"bacterial-staining-technique","Bacterial Staining Technique","Lists of various staining techniques that are used to stain bacteria. ",{"slug":345,"name":346,"description":347,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":185},"enzyme-tests","Enzyme Tests","\u003Cp>Various Biochemical Test that are based on enzymatic activity of the microorganisms. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":349,"name":350,"description":351,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":130},"carbohydrate-utilization","Carbohydrate Utilization","\u003Cp>Various biochemical tests which are related to Carbohydrate fermentation or Utilization\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":353,"name":354,"description":355,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":135},"susceptibility-based-id","Susceptibility-based ID","\u003Cp>These are susceptibility based identification test such as optochin sensitivity, bacitracin sensitivity etc. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":357,"name":358,"description":359,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":245},"microbial-metabolism","Microbial Metabolism","\u003Cp>Tests about Microbial Metabolism. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":361,"name":362,"description":363,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":140},"substrate-utilization","Substrate Utilization","\u003Cp>The test in which a non-sugar carbon\u002Fnitrogen source is used or degraded (citrate, malonate, decarboxylases, indole, PAD).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":365,"name":366,"description":367,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":302},"atypical-pneumonia","Atypical Pneumonia","\u003Cp>Organisms responsible for Atypical Pneumonia. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":369,"name":370,"description":371,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":135},"antigen","Antigen","\u003Cp>Various articles related to Antigens.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":373,"name":374,"description":375,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":157},"innate-immunity","Innate Immunity","\u003Cp>Articles related to Innate Immunity. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":377,"name":378,"description":379,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":245},"respiratory-tract-infection","Respiratory Tract Infection","\u003Cp>In this cluster, you can see various etiological agents that causes respiratory tract infection. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":381,"name":382,"description":383,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":135},"torch-infection","TORCH Infection","\u003Cp>In this section; you can find articles related with TOCH infection. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":385,"name":386,"description":387,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":140},"microbiology-for-beginners","Microbiology for Beginners","\u003Cp>These articles are very basic articles, which will share general concepts in Microbiology. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":389,"name":390,"description":391,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":78},"dna-replication","DNA Replication","\u003Cp>Articles related to DNA and Replication of DNA. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":393,"name":394,"description":395,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":157},"genetic-code","Genetic Code","\u003Cp>Articles related to Genetic Code.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":397,"name":398,"description":399,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":157},"molecular-technique","Molecular Technique","\u003Cp>Posts related to Molecular Techniques. \u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":401,"name":402,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":89},"colorimetric-assay","Colorimetric Assay ",{"slug":404,"name":405,"description":406,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":135},"pharmaceutical-microbiology","Pharmaceutical Microbiology","\u003Cp>Various articles related to Pharmaceutical Microbiology\u003C\u002Fp>",{"slug":408,"name":409,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":302},"blood-and-immune-cells","Blood and Immune Cells",{"slug":411,"name":412,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":135},"host-pathogen-interaction","Host Pathogen Interaction",{"slug":414,"name":415,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":245},"blood-culture","Blood Culture",{"slug":417,"name":418,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":245},"environmental-microbiology","Environmental microbiology ",{"slug":420,"name":421,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":157},"copromicroscopic-technique","Copromicroscopic Technique",{"slug":423,"name":424,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":302},"quality-control","Quality Control",{"slug":426,"name":427,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":157},"dermatophytes","Dermatophytes",{"slug":429,"name":430,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":302},"viral-hemorrhagic-fevers","Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers",{"slug":432,"name":433,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":245},"h2s-production","H2S Production",{"slug":435,"name":436,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":240},"water-quality-testing","Water Quality Testing",{"slug":438,"name":439,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":135},"virology-basics","Virology basics",{"slug":441,"name":442,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":245},"typing-methods","Typing Methods",{"slug":444,"name":445,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":302},"blotting-technique","Blotting Technique",{"slug":447,"name":448,"description":41,"image":41,"body":41,"postCount":245},"history-microbiology","History of Microbiology"]