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Neisseria meningitidis is the bacteria that causes meningitis, a severe infection of the meninges—the thin lining covering the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis can lead to severe illness and, if...

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Syphilis has diverse clinical manifestations and shares many clinical features with other treponemal and...

Fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test is an indirect fluorescent antibody technique used as a confirmatory test for syphilis. FTA-ABS is the first serological test to become...

The venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test is a nonspecific microflocculation test for the screening of syphilis. It uses antigen-containing cardiolipin, lecithin, and cholesterol and...

MCQ History of Microbiology One: The epidemic that infected Europe, Middle East, and North Africa and killed tens of millions of people were known as the Black Death. The disease was caused...

Fungi can be broadly classified into two groups;  yeasts and molds. Yeasts are single-celled organisms that reproduce by budding, but molds grow as filament-like structures and reproduce...