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Neisseria is the only pathogenic gram-negative cocci (precisely diplococci). Two species of Neisseria cause disease in humans; Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Human beings are...

Capsular polysaccharides Neisseria meningitidis strains are frequently encapsulated and 13 different capsular serogroups have been found so far. These capsular polysaccharides protect the...

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Syphilis has diverse clinical manifestations and shares many clinical features with other treponemal and...

Fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test is an indirect fluorescent antibody technique used as a confirmatory test for syphilis. FTA-ABS is the first serological test to become...

The venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test is a nonspecific microflocculation test for the screening of syphilis. It uses antigen-containing cardiolipin, lecithin, and cholesterol and...

MCQ History of Microbiology One: The epidemic that infected Europe, Middle East, and North Africa and killed tens of millions of people were known as the Black Death.The disease was caused...