Last updated on June 2nd, 2021The Quellung (or Neufeld) reaction is the gold standard technique for serotyping Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). This microscopic “precipitin test” can be used to identify pneumococci or to determine the capsular serotype […]
Last updated on May 31st, 2021Two methods, thick and thin blood smear microscopy are regarded as the “gold standard” for the diagnosis of malaria. Quantitative Buffy Coat is another direct and rapid test for the […]
Last updated on June 11th, 2021Bacillary dysentery also known as shigellosis is a bacterial disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella spp. Other bacterial causes of dysentery are, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC), […]
Last updated on June 11th, 2021Taeniasis is the parasitic infection of humans caused by adult tapeworm species; i.e. Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), or Taenia asiatica (Asian tapeworm). T. solium and T. saginata have a worldwide distribution but […]
Last updated on June 2nd, 2021Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) also known as fecal bacteriotherapy or intestinal microbiota transplantation (IMT), is a novel approach used to treat Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI). It involves infusing intestinal flora […]
Last updated on June 21st, 2021Widal test was devised by Frank Widal in 1896. Widal originally described the test to diagnose Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B infection. Patients infected with S. enterica serotype Typhi and […]
Last updated on May 30th, 2021Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile causes life-threatening diarrhea. Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of hospital-associated gastrointestinal illness. This infection mostly occurs in people who have had recent medical care […]
Last updated on June 11th, 2021Staphylococcus and Micrococcus both are Gram-positive cocci (GPC). Both of these cocci are non-motile, non-sporing, and catalase positive. Both of these organisms are normal flora of the skin and mucous membranes […]
Last updated on June 11th, 2021Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitides are Gram negative diplococci (kidney bean-shaped) with flattened sides. They are characteristically found inside polymorphonuclear leucocytes. They are non-sporing, non-motile and oxidase positive. They have […]
Last updated on June 2nd, 2021Elek test is an in vitro immunoprecipitation (immunodiffusion) test to determine whether or not a strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae is toxigenic. A test strip of filter paper containing diphtheria antitoxin […]
Last updated on June 23rd, 2021All living cells can be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Bacteria are prokaryotic, while fungi, protozoa, and other organisms are eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus with a nuclear […]
Last updated on June 25th, 2021Popularly known as “flesh-eating bacteria”, Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the pathogenic gram-positive cocci. Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A streptococcus (GAS) is mostly known for streptococcal sore throat (strep throat). It […]
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