The Quellung (or Neufeld) reaction is the gold standard technique for serotyping Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). This microscopic “precipitin test” can be used to identify pneumococci or to determine the capsular serotype of individual pneumococcal isolates. There […]
Two methods, thick and thin blood smear microscopy are regarded as the “gold standard” for the diagnosis of malaria. Quantitative Buffy Coat is another direct and rapid test for diagnosis of malaria. It is based […]
Bacillary dysentery also known as shigellosis is a bacterial disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella spp. Other bacterial causes of dysentery are, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC), Enterohemrorrhagic E.coli (EHEC), Campylobacter spps, […]
Taeniasis is the parasitic infection of humans caused by adult tapeworm species; i.e. Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) or Taenia asiatica (Asian tapeworm). T. solium and T. saginata have a worldwide distribution but incidence is higher in developing […]
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) also known as fecal bacteriotherapy or Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation (IMT), is a novel approach used to treat Clostridium difficile infections (CDI). It involves infusing intestinal flora via stool of healthy donor into the […]
Widal test is a milestone invention in medicine. This test was devised by Frank Widal in 1896. Widal originally described the test to diagnose Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B infection. Patients infected with S. enterica […]
Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile causes life-threatening diarrhea. Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of hospital associated gastrointestinal illness. This infections mostly occur in people who have had recent medical care (hospitalized or recently hospitalized […]
Staphylococcus and Micrococcus both are Gram positive cocci (GPC). Both of these cocci are non-motile, non-sporing and Catalase Positive. Both of these organisms are normal flora of skin and mucous membranes of man and animals. Member […]
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitides are Gram negative diplococci (kidney bean-shaped) with flattened sides. They are characteristically found inside polymorphonuclear leucocytes. They are non-sporing, non-motile and oxidase positive. They have exacting growth requirements and do […]
Elek test is an in vitro immunoprecipitation (immunodiffusion) test to determine whether or not a strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae is toxigenic. A test strip of filter paper containing diphtheria antitoxin is placed in the center […]
All living cells can be classified as either prokaryotic or eukarytoic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane enclosed structures, whereas eukaryotic cells have such structure. All prokaryotes are single-celled organism and all are […]
Popularly known as “flesh eating bacteria” , Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the pathogenic gram positive cocci. Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A streptococcus (GAS) is mostly known for streptococcal sore throat (strep throat). It is a […]
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