Ethylene oxide (ETO) has been widely used as a low-temperature sterilant. ETO is a colorless gas that is flammable and explosive but it is liquid at temperatures below 10.8oC. ETO is an effective sterilizing agent for heat- […]
Robert Koch (1843-1910) was a German physician and scientist and the first person to prove that Bacterium are the cause of animal disease. Robert Koch was born on December 11, 1843 at Clausthal in the Upper […]
Why DNA viruses replicate in the Nucleus? Once the nucleocapsid of DNA virus enters the host cell, it proceeds to the nucleus where it mimics the genome of the host cell. Usually, the viral genome […]
Of all the methods available for sterilization (killing or removal of all microorganisms, including bacterial spores), moist heat (steam under pressure ) in the form of saturated steam under pressure is the most widely used […]
Dry heat sterilization (killing or removal of all microorganisms, including bacterial spores) technique requires longer exposure time (1.5 to 3 hours) and higher temperatures than moist heat sterilization. Various available methods of dry heat sterilization are; hot […]
Mycobacteria are distinguished from other micro-organisms by thick lipid-containing cell-walls that retain biochemical stains despite decolourisation by acid-containing reagents (so-called ‘acid-fastness’). Advantages: Microscopy of sputum smears is simple and inexpensive, quickly detecting infectious cases of pulmonary […]
Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) method of Acid Fast staining technique is used to stain Mycobacterium species including M. tuberculosis, M. ulcerans, and M. leprae and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in stained and acid-washed […]
Sodium hypochlorite centrifugation technique is used to concentrate the AFB present in sputum, as it increases the chances of detecting AFB in sputum smears. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is recommended for liquefying the sputum, as it […]
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