a. General considerations Most Haemophilus species are normal inhabitants of upper respiratory tract of humans and other animals. The species of Haemophilus that most frequently cause human infections are H. influenzae (respiratory and invasive infections), […]
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci) is a part of the normal nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal flora. It is an important etiological agent of upper and lower respiratory tract infections (URTI and LRTI), bacteremia and septicemia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is also associated […]
Niacin test: All species of mycobacterium produces Niacin (nicotinic acid) and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis accumulates the most. A positive niacin test provides preliminary evidence that an organism that exhibits a buff-colored, slow-growing rough colony may […]
We have already discussed the common properties and classification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) in previous blog post. In this post you can find information regarding pathogenic genera, their epidemiology and types of disease caused by […]
Novobiocin test is used to differentiate coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) and presumptively identify the isolate as Staphylococcus saprophyticus (novobiocin resistant). It is usually performed on urine isolates (isolated from women of reproductive age groups) that are […]
Each of the letters in “IMViC” stands for one of these tests. “I” is for indole; “M” is for methyl red; “V” is for Voges-Proskauer, and “C” is for citrate, lowercase “i” is added for […]
MUG is an acronym for 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide. Escherichia coli produces the enzyme beta-D-glucuronidase. Beta-D-glucuronidase is a enzyme which hydrolyzes the beta-D-glucopyranosid-uronic derivatives to aglycons and D-glucuronic acid. The substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide is impregnated in the disc and is hydrolyzed […]
Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) is the best medium to use for routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for nonfastidious bacteria (both aerobe and facultative anaerobe). The use of media other than Mueller-Hinton agar may result […]
Pathogens of all four major groups of microbes- bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites may be found circulating in blood during the course of many diseases. Presence of bacteria in the blood is called Bacteremia. Bacteria […]
Always remember: Antibiotic Susceptibility testing should be performed on clinically significant isolates, not on all microorganisms recovered in culture. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends routine use of modified Kirby-Bauer Method for routine antibiotic susceptibility testing. According […]
Whenever you see the name of this test i.e. ‘Triple Sugar Iron Agar‘, you have to remember that it’s a test which has three sugar (lactose, sucrose, and glucose) and also iron; and it contains agar […]
Haemophilus influenzae can cause many kinds of infections. Which can range from mild ear infections to severe diseases, like meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae bacteria most often cause pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis mostly in infants and children […]
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